氧化-生物双降解地膜对棉花生长影响及降解效果

研究氧化-生物双降解地膜对棉花生长的影响及降解效果,为氧化-生物双降解地膜代替普通聚乙烯地膜的可行性及推广应用提供理论参考。试验采用2种不同配方的氧化-生物双降解地膜,以普通聚乙烯地膜作为对照,分析不同降解地膜对棉花生长及产量的影响,观测增温保墒效果,明确降解性能。结果表明：2种降解地膜对棉花生育期、农艺性状、产量性状和纤维品质未产生显著影响,籽棉产量和增温保墒效果与普通地膜基本相同;诱导期为39 d的2018新疆阿拉尔棉花1号降解膜降解率达47.3 %,显著高于其他处理,具有较高的应用价值。     

2种摄藻鱼消化酶活性及消化器官组织形态比较研究

在以蓝藻水华为食时,罗非鱼蛋白酶活性明显高于鲢,其中罗非鱼肝脏蛋白酶活性是鲢的6.99倍,而肠道蛋白酶活性平均比鲢高出136.72%.淀粉酶活性2种鱼差异不明显.罗非鱼摄食后,极低的pH胃酸环境不仅在破坏蓝藻细胞壁时起到决定性作用,而且在蛋白质消化吸收过程中也起到非常重要的作用.罗非鱼比鲢具有更适合摄食群体蓝藻水华的鳃耙结构,更大的肠内表面积和更薄的肌层厚度,这些可能增强了罗非鱼对食物的消化吸收能力.     

Effects of extruded and pelleted diets with differing lipid levels on growth,nutrient retention and serum biochemical indices of tilapia (Oreochromis aureus × Tilapia nilotica)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extruded diets and pelleted diets with varying dietary lipid levels on growth performance and nutrient utilization of tilapia. Six diets, containing three levels of lipid at 40, 60 or 80 g kg^?1 (with the supplemental lipid of 0, 20 or 40 g kg^?1, respectively), were prepared by extruding or pelleting and then fed to tilapia juveniles (8.0 ± 0.1 g) in cages (in indoor pools) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the fish that were fed the diet with 60 g kg^?1 of lipid had a higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), lipid retention (LRE), energy retention (ERE), apparent protein digestibility, apparent dry matter digestibility and a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed the diet with 40 g kg^?1 lipid in both the extruded diet and pelleted diet (P < 0.05). As the dietary lipid level increased from 60 to 80 g kg^?1, these parameters were not further improved, even digestibilities of the crude protein and dry matter decreased (P < 0.05). With the dietary lipid level increased, whole‐body lipid content significantly increased (P < 0.05), serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) tended to increase (P > 0.05), whereas whole‐body protein content, serum triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and HDL‐C/LDL‐C tended to decrease (P > 0.05). Fish fed with the extruded diets had a higher WG, SGR, hepatosomatic index (HSI), PER, protein retention (PRE), LRE, ERE, TG, apparent digestibility of protein and dry matter, as well as a lower FCR, than those fed with the pelleted diets at the same dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). These results suggested that tilapia fed with the extruded diets had a better growth and higher nutrient utilization than fish fed with the pelleted diets, when dietary lipid level ranged from 40 to 80 g kg^?1 and at dietary crude protein level was 280 g kg^?1. The optimum dietary lipid level was 60 g kg^?1 in both the pelleted and extruded diets, and extrusion did not affect dietary lipid requirement of the tilapia.     

孝感市农业环境污染与治理初探

大量使用化肥、农药、农膜及生产、生活产生的废水污染了农业环境,影响农作物正常生长,降低了品质.治理污染可采取充分开发利用农作物秸秆和动物粪便、科学施肥、综合防治病虫害、宣传普及科学技术、强化农业执法等措施,以达到农业可持续发展和人与自然和谐共存的目的.     

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

黄土坡面细沟形态变化及其与流速之间的关系

研究细沟的形态变化特征是认识细沟侵蚀的重要基础,细沟发育过程中细沟形态变化与水流动力学特性之间存在相互影响和相互作用的关系,研究细沟发育过程中细沟形态与水动力学之间的关系,有利于更好地了解细沟侵蚀过程和侵蚀机理。该研究通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,对黄土坡面细沟发育过程中的细沟形态变化及其与流速的关系进行了研究。结果表明:坡面侵蚀过程呈明显的阶段性,坡面细沟形态变化过程与坡面径流含沙量的变化情况基本一致;坡面跌坎发生的临界流速为0.19~0.21 m/s,当坡面径流流速大于这个临界值的时候,坡面会出现跌坎;细沟发育初期,细沟间的距离一定程度上影响细沟的分布,最早出现的细沟之间不会再出现新的跌坎,这一间距范围在12.5~17.5 cm之间;细沟侵蚀过程主要以下切侵蚀和溯源侵蚀为主,沟壁坍塌的侵蚀作用相对较小;细沟流速随时间的变化大致呈先增后减的趋势,细沟流速随细沟宽度的增加而显著减小,这一趋势在4 m坡段尤为明显,二者之间存在显著负相关关系(r=-0.348,P=0.04)。受试验条件所限没有研究细沟深度和流速等其他水动力学参数,以后需要不断改进试验方法来准确测量流速、水深等指标,进一步研究细沟发育过程。     

Effects of soil moisture on gross N transformations and N2O emission in acid subtropical forest soils

Soil moisture changes, arising from seasonal variation or from global climate changes, could influence soil nitrogen (N) transformation rates and N availability in unfertilized subtropical forests. A ¹⁵?N dilution study was carried out to investigate the effects of soil moisture change (30–90 % water-holding capacity (WHC)) on potential gross N transformation rates and N₂O and NO emissions in two contrasting (broad-leaved vs. coniferous) subtropical forest soils. Gross N mineralization rates were more sensitive to soil moisture change than gross NH₄ ⁺ immobilization rates for both forest soils. Gross nitrification rates gradually increased with increasing soil moisture in both forest soils. Thus, enhanced N availability at higher soil moisture values was attributed to increasing gross N mineralization and nitrification rates over the immobilization rate. The natural N enrichment in humid subtropical forest soils may partially be due to fast N mineralization and nitrification under relatively higher soil moisture. In broad-leaved forest soil, the high N₂O and NO emissions occurred at 30 % WHC, while the reverse was true in coniferous forest soil. Therefore, we propose that there are different mechanisms regulating N₂O and NO emissions between broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. In coniferous forest soil, nitrification may be the primary process responsible for N₂O and NO emissions, while in broad-leaved forest soil, N₂O and NO emissions may originate from the denitrification process.     

Soil nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat affected by straw management and nitrogen application in the Yangtze river basin of China

Straw incorporation is a useful management practice in sustainable agricultural systems to improve soil fertility and to reduce air pollution from straw burning. A three-year field experiment was conducted under two rice straw managements and four nitrogen (N) application rates in Rugao, China during 2010–2013, to examine whether straw management practices integrated with fertilizer N applications affect crop yield, N balance and N use efficiency in the wheat season of rice-wheat cropping systems. The results showed that straw incorporation had positive effects on plant N uptake and grain yield. This may be attributed to the greater soil water content and lower amount of seasonal rainfall. However, straw incorporation resulted in lower soil inorganic N and more N surplus at the early growth stage. Grain yield had a significant relation with wheat N uptake from sowing to jointing and from jointing to anthesis with straw incorporation. Therefore, our results suggest that in adjusting the ratio of basal and topdressing N fertilizer, it is important for the supply of optimum N to the crop and to maintain grain production with straw incorporation.     

贵州省黎平县地表覆被变化引起的生态系统碳储量变化

[目的]对贵州省黎平县地表覆被变化引起的生态系统碳储量变化进行评估,为区域碳源和碳汇管理及"大生态"发展目标提供科学依据。[方法]基于黎平县2005,2010和2015年3期土地利用数据,结合CA-Markov模型和InVEST模型碳储量模块,在对土地利用变化趋势进行分析的基础上定量评估了研究区2005—2025年生态系统固碳能力。[结果]①2005—2015年,黎平县耕地、林地、未利用地呈减少趋势,草地、建设用地、水域呈增加趋势。②2015—2025年土地利用整体变化趋势与2005—2015年一致但幅度增大。耕地由2005—2015年的降幅2.37%到2015—2025年的增幅4.21%,整体趋势发生转变;③2015年黎平县生态系统总碳储量和平均碳密度分别为9.12×10~7 t和206.61 t/hm~2。自2005年以来分别下降2.00×10~5 t和0.45 t/hm~2。2025年黎平县碳储量和平均碳密度分别为8.98×10~7 t和203.44 t/hm~2。[结论]黎平县生态系统固碳能力呈减弱趋势,林地的大面积转出和建设用地的扩张是碳储量下降的直接原因,未来应加强对土地利用结构的优化。     

行距比例及密度对绿洲灌区玉米水分利用效率的互作效应

探究是否可以将行距比例和种植密度集成于同一作物生产系统中来提高作物产量,增加水分利用效率。以玉米"五谷568"为研究材料,于2017—2018年进行大田试验,设7∶3(L_1,宽行56 cm∶窄行24 cm),6∶4 (L_2,宽行48 cm∶窄行32 cm),5∶5(L_3,等行距40 cm) 3个行距比例水平,82 500株/hm~2(D_1)、90 000株/hm~2(D_2)、97 500株/hm~2(D_3)、105 000株/hm~2(D_4)、112 500株/hm~2(D_5) 5个种植密度,探讨不同行距比例及密度处理对玉米的耗水特征、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,L1行距比例可有效降低玉米耗水量,但会增加棵间蒸发,对E/ET影响不显著,其中2017年L_1较L_3能有效降低耗水量11.9%,2018年无显著差异;此外与传统行距比例相比,L_1行距比例具有增产优势,玉米增产5.2%～10.5%,提高水分利用效率6.5%～8.7%。密度间比较,D_3密度较传统密度D_1能有效降低耗水量、棵间蒸发量以及E/ET,对玉米增产及水分利用效率的提高有促进作用;其中D_3密度较传统密度D_1耗水量降低13.3%,2018年差异不显著;棵间蒸发量减小7.1%～7.2%;E/ET减小6.8%～19.2%;玉米增产7.5%～17.1%;水分利用效率提高23.9%～46.2%。2年L_1D_3较传统处理L_3D_1耗水量降低12.8%～30.6%;棵间蒸发量降低8.5%～10.4%;E/ET降低7.3%～7.5%;玉米产量增加7.7%～25.5%;水分利用效率提高36.0%～41.2%。因此,在河西绿洲灌区,7∶3(L_1,宽行56 cm∶窄行24 cm)行距比例结合97 500株/hm~2(D_3)种植密度可有效增加玉米产量,提高玉米水分利用效率。