香榧大砧嫁接技术试验

以地径3~5cm的实生榧树大苗为砧木、"细榧"等品种为接穗,研究不同嫁接部位、嫁接时间、嫁接高度、大砧地径大小对香榧新梢生长和嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明,采用主枝劈接和主干劈接的嫁接成活率分别为100%和87.67%,接穗成活率分别为95.17%和83.33%,达到10%以上的显著水平,平均抽梢个数无差异,但主干劈接的新梢平均生长量43.18cm、高于主枝劈接的37.22cm;主干劈接时间上,嫁接成活率间没有显著差异,但新梢生长量随嫁接时间推迟而减小;主干劈接的高度对嫁接成活率、平均抽梢次数没有显著差异,平均新梢长度越低、新梢越长;砧木地径大小对嫁接成活率、平均抽梢次数没有显著差异,但地径越大、新梢越长。     

Morphological plasticity and phosphorus uptake mechanisms of hybrid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> roots under spatially heterogeneous phosphorus stress

In this study, we subjected the root systems of eight Eucalyptus hybrids currently cultivated in southern China to heterogeneous phosphorus stress to provide a scientific basis for the selection of a highly phosphorus-efficient Eucalyptus variety. When the ability of these hybrids to locate phosphorus under different experimental conditions (phosphorus supply in a homogeneous or heterogeneous manner vs. no phosphorus supply) was compared, the main growth characteristics of Eucalyptus, such as plant height, diameter, dry mass, and phosphorus content, significantly improved when the phosphorus supply was increased from no phosphorus or heterogeneous phosphorus (half of the phosphorus amount) to homogeneous phosphorus. Across these three conditions, the growth traits of different Eucalyptus hybrids differed significantly, indicating different adaptabilities of the hybrids to various phosphorus conditions. The growth traits of the aboveground tissues of Eucalyptus under different phosphorus conditions were largely influenced by the morphology of the underground root system. In addition, the root morphology of Eucalyptus under heterogeneous phosphorus treatment suggested that there were two mechanisms for locating nutrients. Eucalyptus hybrids such as Urophylla 3229, Grandis 9, Guanglin 3, 201-2, and Dunn produced more roots proximal to the phosphorus supply; the other hybrids, Urophylla 3216, Grandis 5, and Guanglin 9, relied mainly on the growth of roots opposite the phosphorus supply to obtain adequate nutrients for growth. With these two strategies, a wide range of nutrients was obtained, root distribution was greater, more soil volume was covered, the contact area of the roots with soil phosphorus was increased, and the uptake of phosphorus by the root system was increased. These results demonstrate that Eucalyptus relies on changes to morphological characteristics of the root system to increase accessibility to phosphorus resources.     

基于地面红外检测系统验证的灌区地表温度遥感反演

利用遥感数据的大尺度特性和地面实时监测数据进行区域灌溉管理,用精准化信息技术支撑农业信息化,是现代农业发展的方向和研究热点。该文根据田间在线实时监测数据和Land Sat8卫星遥感数据反演,探讨遥感反演地表温度与地面实测数据的吻合程度,为大范围、区域性干旱监测和灌溉管理提供技术支撑。结果表明,在下垫面植被均匀、土壤水分空间变异性较小的区域,利用Land Sat8遥感影像反演地表温度,可以很好地与地面作物冠层温度监测结果相吻合;监测点数据可以代表其附近5个像元的情况。利用覃志豪法和简单Sobrino法计算地表比辐射率来遥感反演地表温度,对不同的作物类型有不同的适宜性。2015年9 d遥感反演结果与地面监测数据对比可见,在解放闸灌域沙壕渠试验点的玉米地,简单的Sobrino法结果更好,R~2达到0.76,均方根误差、相对误差和符合度指数分别达到2.32℃、7.8%和0.92。葵花地覃志豪法结果为宜,R~2达到0.85,均方根误差、相对误差和符合度指数分别达到1.97℃、6.5%和0.94。春小麦地宜用Sobrino法。对于北京大兴的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作,这2种方法差别不大。地面监测点布设方案和合理数目、点面数据结合进行区域干旱判断和灌溉管理,以及地面监测系统的优化改进,是进一步研究的重点。     

基于低空无人机遥感技术的油菜机械直播苗期株数识别

植株数量识别是油菜机械直播效果和质量评估的关键.该文针对油菜机械直播田间植株数量检测中人工统计耗时、费工、效率低下的现实,通过自主搭建的低空无人机遥感平台采集油菜机械直播区域的遥感影像,基于超高分辨率(0.18 cm/pixel)遥感影像计算的颜色植被指数进行油菜目标识别及其形态特征信息提取.结合田间调查数据,采用逐步回归分析方法,建立了机械直播油菜在苗期的株数与遥感特征信息之间的关系.结果显示,油菜目标的株数与其外接矩形的长宽比、像素分布密度和周长栅格数具有较好的线性关系,回归模型的决定系数R2为0.803,并通过显著性检验,其标准估计误差为0.699.模型检验结果显示,观测值与预测值之间的R2为0.809,均方根误差RMSE为0.728.研究结果表明,利用集成超高分辨率传感器的低空无人机遥感平台,通过计算颜色植被指数并分析油菜目标数量与形态特征的相关性,能有效识别油菜机械直播的出苗株数,可为后续油菜机械直播效果的快速、准确评估提供技术支持.     

森林和景观—联系生态学和美学

森林作为陆地的最大生态系统,是游憩娱乐场所、宜人生态环境的提供者及可持续发展的重要保障,对缓解城市环境危机,实现资源的最大化利用具有重要影响。笔者从森林的生态、视觉等研究出发,阐述了森林和景观的密切联系,使森林的生态价值、美学价值以及可持续价值得到最大发挥并形成统一整体。     

灭多威对离体培养MDEC-07114细胞的抑制作用

[目的]利用自建家蝇胚胎细胞系进行灭多威毒性测定,为灭多威毒性机理研究提供依据。[方法]采用MTT法,检测灭多威对家蝇胚胎细胞的增殖抑制作用。[结果]2 mg/ml灭多威对家蝇胚胎细胞有抑制作用,抑制率随药物浓度增加而升高。[结论]以家蝇胚胎细胞系为工具细胞进行灭多威的毒性作用研究,具有可行性。     

木荷树干液流的密度特征

树干液流在微时空尺度上具有较大的变异性,尺度扩展过程中又极易引起误差,而有些环境因子则是在较大空间尺度上发生变化,容易降低液流密度研究结果的可靠性。引入单位面积液流日累积量(Qa)和液流密度峰值(Jsmax)这2个参数,根据树高和胸径划分不同优势度,研究木荷树干液流时空动态特征及与环境因子的关系,探讨液流密度研究更合理的方法。结果表明:2007年9月到2008年4月木荷优势木、中等木和劣势木液流日进程均呈现单峰格型,根据树高划分优势度等级的木荷中等木平均液流密度要略大于优势木,劣势木的平均液流密度远远低于优势木和中等木;而根据胸径划分优势度等级的木荷优势木液流大于中等木,中等木液流大于劣势木;光合有效辐射是影响优势木和中等木液流密度的主要环境因子,劣势木液流密度主要受气温影响;在干旱胁迫下,土壤含水量对优势木和中等木液流密度瞬时变化的影响比劣势木显著;总体而言,土壤湿度对液流瞬时值影响不大,但显著影响大时间尺度上优势木液流累积量的变化。按树高划分的木荷等级对环境因子的响应更敏感,而按胸径划分的木荷等级显示树形因子对液流的影响不可忽略。根据研究的需求不同,按树高或胸径分级各有优势。     

1981-2003年黑龙江省植被变化及其对气候的响应

基于遥感方法监测植被变化以及分析植被对气候变化的响应与反馈机制已经成为全球变化研究的一个重要领域(马国明等,2006;Mark et al．,2001).尽管归一化植被指数(NDVI)在高植被区的饱和性使其与一些植被生理参数之间的关系往往是非线性的(Carlson et al．,1990;Gillies et al．,1997),并且容易受到土壤背景的影响(Huete,1997),但由于NDVI与叶面积指数、光合有效辐射吸收率、生物量、初级生产力和植被盖度等植被生物物理特征的高度相关性(马国明等,2006;Veroustraete et al．,2002),使其成为研究大尺度植被变化的重要指标.     

龙血树DCDPK2基因的克隆及表达分析

通过RACE技术克隆龙血树CDPK基因的全长cDNA,并对基因序列进行相关分析与基因表达分析。结果表明:该基因全长为1 810 bp,编码区长度为1 587 bp,编码528个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列具有CDPK基因编码氨基酸的所有典型结构特征;经序列比对发现其核酸序列与玉米CDPK基因的同源性高达81%,氨基酸序列与其它植物中的CDPK氨基酸序列同源性很高。该基因命名为DCDPK2基因。对未经血竭诱导和诱导的龙血树组培苗进行半定量RT-PCR表达分析,发现在添加了诱导物的组培苗中DCDPK2基因的表达显著增强。     

Adverse effect of the chitinolytic enzyme PjCHI‐1 in transgenic tomato on egg mass production and embryonic development of Meloidogyne incognita

A novel chitinase gene (PjCHI‐1) isolated from Paecilomyces javanicus, a non‐nematophagous fungus, and driven by a CaMV35S promoter, was delivered into CLN2468D, a heat‐tolerant cultivar of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). T₁ tomato plants exhibited high endochitinase activity and reduced numbers of eggs and egg masses when infected with the root‐knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. The eggs found in transgenic tomato had lower shell chitin contents than eggs collected from control plants. Egg masses from transgenic plants exhibited higher chitinase activity than those from control plants. Moreover, only 30% of eggs from transgenic plants were able to develop to the multi‐cell/J1 stage, compared with more than 96% from control plants. The present study demonstrated that the expression of the PjCHI‐1 chitinase gene can effectively reduce the production of egg masses and repress the embryonic development of M. incognita, presenting the possibility of a novel agro‐biotechnological strategy for preventing crop damage by RKN.