Treatment of insulinoma in a springer spaniel with streptozotocin

An eight-year-old, female springer spaniel was treated for metastatic insulinoma with a single intravenous dose of 500 mg/m2 streptozotocin (SZN), and pre- and post-treatment diuresis. A tapering dose of corticosteroids was also administered over a 28 day period. SZN and corticosteroid administration resulted in resolution of hypoglycaemia and subsequent development of diabetes mellitus. Further metastases caused cervical spinal pain and the dog was euthanased 118 days after SZN administration. SZN can be safely used for the treatment of canine insulinoma, but, when compared with other published cases, a marked variation in clinical response to this drug exists and further study is warranted.     

Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) investigations in dairy cattle: persistence of antibodies after vaccination.

The immune response and persistence of antibodies were investigated in dairy cattle vaccinated with formalin-inactivated phase (ph) I Coxiella burnetii vaccine agglutinating antibody geometric mean titer (GMT) of 193.2 at 1 month after vaccination compared to a GMT of 2.0 for nonvaccinated calves. The agglutinating antibodies gradually decreased in vaccinated cattle, but the GMT remained approximately 4 times higher than that for the nonvaccinated group for at least 20 months. Results of serotests at 2 months after revaccination indicated a rapid increase in the GMT to 177.0 with agglutinating titers between 1:64 and 1:512.     

Cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl-droperidol, nitrous oxide, and atropine sulfate in dogs.

The cardiopulmonary effects of droperidol-fentanyl, nitrous oxide, and atropine were evaluated in 12 adult male Beagle dogs. All dogs were surgically instrumented with a cardiac output thermistor and arterial and venous catheters and were prepared with a chronic tracheostomy. Each dog was used as its own control, and data obtained when dogs were nonanesthetized and nonmedicated were compared with data recorded after the test drugs were administered. The dogs were randomly allotted to 3 groups of 4 dogs each. Group I dogs were given droperidol-fentanyl alone intravenously (IV); group II dogs were given droperidol-fentanyl IV with 67% nitrous oxide; and group III dogs were given atropine sulfate intramuscularly followed by droperidol-fentanyl IV with 67% nitrous oxide. Minute volume was decreased in the 3 groups of dogs for 3 to 5 minutes after droperidol-fentanyl was injected. This resulted in respiratory and metabolic acidosis in all dogs, as indicated by increased arterial carbon dioxide tension, decreased pH, and increased base deficit. In addition, droperidol-fentanyl given alone caused a decrease in systolic pressure and a slight decrease in heart rate. Group 1 dogs were sensitive to auditory stimulation. Cardiovascular changes were not seen when nitrous oxide was added; however, analgesia and muscle relaxation were improved. Premedication with atropine sulfate resulted in increased cardiac output, heart rate, and diastolic pressure, and subsequent administration of droperidol-fentanyl with nitrous oxide caused a transient increase in mean arterial and systolic pressure. This last anesthetic regimen, along with assisted or controlled respiration, seems to provide an excellent anesthetic state with minimal cardiopulmonary depression.     

Periovulatory changes in peripheral plasma progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the mare.

Concentrations of progesterone and estrogen were measured in peripheral blood plasma samples from mares around the time of ovulation. Samples were collected every 2 hours from 36 hours before, to 26 hours after, ovulation and assayed by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone concentrations were between 60 and 100 pg/ml for the period 24 hours before ovulation through 8 hours after ovulation. By 10 hours after ovulation, concentrations increased to 140 pg/ml and, by 26 hours after ovulation, reached 346 pg/ml. Plasma estrogen concentrations did not change significantly throughout the same period.     

The clinical features and short-term treatment outcomes of scirrhous cord: A retrospective study of 32 cases

Scirrhous cord (SC) is an uncommon complication of castration, characterised by chronic infection of the spermatic cord remnant. It is reported that surgical excision of the infected tissue is the most effective means of treatment, but there are few published studies assessing the outcomes of horses treated for SC. The aims of this retrospective study were to describe the clinical features and short-term outcomes in horses treated for SC at two equine hospitals in the UK. The clinical records of horses diagnosed with SC over a 10-year period were reviewed. A diagnosis of SC was made if the gelding presented with typical clinical signs with confirmation at surgery. Thirty-two cases of SC were identified at the two equine hospitals. The mean age at presentation was 6 years (range 2–14 years, n = 22), and the median time from castration to presentation was 29.5 days (range 20–2500 days). Mean age at castration was 4.3 years (range 6 months to 10 years, n = 10). Clinical signs included scrotal swelling, discharging wounds, hindlimb lameness and pyrexia. Five horses demonstrated hyperfibrinogenaemia (n = 8). Microbial culture isolated various bacterial species. All 32 cases were treated with surgical excision of the infected tissue and discharged from the hospitals between 1 and 10 days post-operatively. A limitation of this study is that it was a retrospective study with no long-term follow-up available. It was concluded that the results of this study confirm that SC can present at variable time points following castration, even many years later, and that a variety of bacterial species may be involved. Surgical excision of infected tissue is a successful treatment with a good short-term prognosis for survival.     

Effects of implants on daily gains of steers wintered on dormant native tallgrass prairie, subsequent performance, and carcass characteristics

Fall-weaned crossbred steer calves (n = 300; 184 +/- 2.9 kg) received either no implant (Control) or were implanted with Synovex-C (SC = 10 mg estradiol benzoate + 100 mg progesterone), Synovex-S (SS = 20 mg estradiol benzoate + 200 mg progesterone), or Revalor-G (RG = 8 mg estradiol-17beta + 40 mg trenbolone acetate) to determine the effects of implants on weight gain during winter grazing on dormant tallgrass prairie, subsequent grazing and finishing performance, and carcass characteristics. Steers grazed two dormant tallgrass prairie pastures from October 16, 1996, until March 29, 1997 (164 d), and received 1.36 kg/d of a 25% CP supplement that supplied 100 mg of monensin/steer. Following winter grazing, all steers were implanted with Ralgro (36 mg zeranol) and grazed a common tallgrass prairie pasture until July 17 (110 d). After summer grazing, all steers were implanted with Revalor-S (24 mg estradiol-17beta + 120 mg trenbolone acetate), and winter implant treatment groups were equally allotted to four feedlot pens. Steers were harvested November 17, 1997, after a 123-d finishing period. Daily gains during the winter grazing phase averaged .28, .32, .32, or .35 kg/d, respectively, for Control, SC, SS, or RG steers and were greater (P < .01) for implanted steers than for Controls. Summer daily gains were similar (1.05 +/- .016 kg/d; P > or = .61) for all treatment groups. Feedlot daily gains were also similar (1.67 +/- .034 kg/d; P > or = .21), with implanted steers weighing 14 kg more than Control steers (P = .05) at harvest, despite similar management during summer grazing and feedlot phases. Control steers tended (P = .06) to have lower yield grades. There were no differences (P = .99) in marbling between implanted and nonimplanted steers. Steers implanted during the wintering phase had increased skeletal and overall (P < .01) carcass maturities compared with nonimplanted steers, which resulted in more "B" and "C" maturity carcasses. Because carcass maturity score affects quality grade, the increased maturities of implanted steers resulted in a $9.04 decrease in carcass value/100 kg (P < .01) compared with Controls. The results of this study indicate that growth-promoting implants are efficacious for cattle wintered on dormant native range despite low daily gains. This increased weight is maintained through the summer grazing and feedlot phases; however, the benefit of the increased weight may be offset by decreased carcass quality grade and value due to increased carcass maturity.     

A retrospective study of canine house soiling: diagnosis and treatment

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the relative frequency and type of elimination problem seen in dogs at a university referral practice and to evaluate the efficacy of the suggested treatments. Cases presented to the Animal Behavior Clinic at Cornell University between 1987 and 1996 were reviewed. Of 1,173 cases, 105 (9%) were house-soiling cases. Of these cases, the authors obtained outcome information from 70. Within the diagnosis of house soiling, incomplete housebreaking (n=59; 84%) were the most frequent referral cases, of which 48 cases (81%; 95% confidence interval, 69% to 90%) improved. Separation anxiety was considered the second most common underlying cause (n=27; 39%), of which 85% (n=23; 95% confidence interval, 66% to 96%) improved. Behavior modification was the most often suggested treatment (n=58), with 48 (83%) cases improving. Behavior modification consisted of accompanying the dog to the preferred elimination area, rewarding the dog for eliminating there, and punishing the dog only when caught in the act of house soiling. These results suggest that correct house training, behavior modification involving positive reinforcement, and appropriate punishment are essential to diminish house-soiling problems in dogs.     

Evaluation of culture methods for rapid screening of swine faecal samples for Yersinia enterocolitica O:3/biotype 4.

In two studies, seven different culture protocols were compared to test naturally contaminated faecal samples from pigs for isolation of Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3/biotype 4 (n = 70 and n = 79). Four of the protocols were based on the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (NMKL, protocols), while three protocols were based on a rapid and selective method (here called ITC protocols). The protocols differed mainly in time of pre-enrichment (1, 10 and 24 d) and enrichment (2, 10, 24 d) and the type of selective enrichment media (ITC vs. MRB). The sensitivity of the rapid ITC protocol (24% and 9%) was comparable with the lengthy NMKL-protocols (16% and 11%), while the results of direct plating after 3 h (4%) and the extended enrichment in ITC-broth (4%) were very low. In addition, there was a marked reduction in the number of false positive plates in the short selective protocol (62% vs. 12%). The results indicate possibilities of shortening the culture methods by replacing most of the biochemical tests with an agglutination test based on a monoclonal antibody.     

A comparison of the bioequivalence of 0.5% fenbendazole top dress pellets or 10% fenbendazole oral suspension against a spectrum of equine parasites.

A controlled test was conducted to assess the efficacy bioequivalence of a single dose of 0.5% fenbendazole (FBZ) top dress pellets to a 10% FBZ suspension formulation (Panacur suspension 10%, Hoechst Roussel Vet). Thirty horses with naturally-acquired parasite infections, in replicates of three, were used. Strongyle egg per gram counts were not significantly different (P>0.1) between groups pretreatment, but FBZ treated groups were significantly different from the control group post-treatment. At necropsy, which occurred seven to nine days post-treatment, two methods of nematode recovery were compared to assess whether a small aliquot can be used in a control test to determine efficacy against large as well as small strongyles. Both post mortem worm recovery techniques revealed similar efficacies of both formulations (>95%) against small and large strongyles, but large differences in the number of worms recovered. Six species of small strongyles comprised 96% of all the small strongyles recovered: Coronocyclus coronatus, Cylicocyclus insigne, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicocyclus brevicapsulatus, Cylicocyclus nassatus, and Cyathostomum catinatum. The results of this study demonstrated therapeutic bioequivalence between FBZ formulations and also the need to sample at least a 10% aliquot to accurately estimate number of large strongyles. No adverse reactions to treatment were detected.