夏季高温环境下苦瓜种质资源农艺性状的综合评价

[目的]调查统计31份苦瓜种质资源在夏季高温环境下的农艺性状表现并进行耐热性分析评价,旨在建立田间苦瓜种质资源耐热性分析评价的方法和体系及筛选鉴定指标和优良耐热的苦瓜种质资源.[方法]连续两年在福建夏季高温环境下对31份苦瓜种质资源进行大田栽培比较试验,通过调查统计苦瓜的22个主要农艺性状指标,运用相关性分析、主成分分析和逐步回归分析对供试苦瓜种质资源进行综合分析评价.[结果]在高温环境下不同苦瓜供试材料产量差异较大,变异系数为35.48%,第一雌花节位、瓜长、瓜形和瓜瘤形状等果实性状变异系数在9.05%~41.27%,表现出丰富多样性,有利于耐热苦瓜种质资源的筛选.苦瓜产量与单瓜重、叶长呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,下同);单瓜重与瓜肉厚、瓜宽呈极显著正相关;第一雌花节位与植株分枝性呈显著正相关(P<0.05,下同),与主蔓节长呈显著负相关,各农艺性状指标之间反映的存在信息重叠,需要综合分析评价苦瓜种质资源的耐热性.主成分分析将22个农艺性状指标归纳为7个独立的综合指标(累计贡献率达76.654%),前5个主成分可概括为产量因子、瓜形因子、瓜瘤因子、早熟性因子和叶形因子,第六和第七主成分载荷最高的性状指标为种子性状,可概括为种子因子.主成分综合评价和聚类分析表明,表现优于CK的有7份苦瓜种质资源,具有植株分枝性强、主蔓粗壮、叶片大、单瓜重、瓜肉厚等特性.进一步利用逐步回归分析法建立了苦瓜种质资源耐热性评价数学模型F=-5.802+0.004X14+0.113X7+0.169X18+0.095X1+0.039X4+0.025X3+0.059X5+0.073X10-0.115X20+0.103X21+0.045X15,筛选出单瓜重、叶柄长、瓜瘤密度、植株分枝性、叶长、主蔓直径、叶宽、瓜色、种子颜色、种子花纹和瓜肉厚等11个耐热性鉴定指标.[结论]供试的K9、K10、K11、K20、K26、K28和K29等7份苦瓜材料可作为优异的耐热种质资源进行耐热苦瓜品种的选育.建立的数学模型和筛选出的11个鉴定指标可用于田间苦瓜种质资源耐热性的快速鉴定筛选,提高耐热育种效率.     

山橙内生真菌的抑菌活性初步研究

[目的]从山橙(Melodinus suaveolens Champ.ex Benth)中分离对植物病原真菌具有拮抗活性的内生真菌,为研发新型高效生物农药提供理论依据.[方法]采用组织培养法对山橙进行内生真菌的分离与纯化,结合菌种形态学和18S rDNA序列比对对其内生真菌进行鉴定;采用平板对峙法和菌丝生长速率法测定内生真菌对香蕉枯萎病4号小种、香蕉炭疽病菌和火龙果溃疡病菌等13株供试植物病原真菌的抑菌活性.[结果]从山橙的根、枝和叶中分别分离得到4、5和11株共20株内生真菌,平板对峙测定结果显示其中的菌株M4对白腐盾壳霉菌、向日葵霜霉病菌、禾谷镰刀菌、茄子黄萎病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌和火龙果溃疡病菌等6株植物病原真菌的抑制率均在30.00%以上,表现出较好的抗菌活性.结合形态特征与18S rDNA序列分析鉴定,确定菌株M4为Phanerochaete sp.,其菌株发酵液在20 mg/mL浓度下对马铃薯黄萎病大丽轮枝菌、马铃薯黑白轮枝菌、禾谷镰刀菌、茄子黄萎病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌、马铃薯立枯丝核菌和香蕉枯萎病4号小种等7株病菌均具有一定的抑制作用,其中对禾谷镰刀菌的抑制效果最佳,抑制率为40.92%,显著高于对其他病原菌的抑制率(P<0.05).[结论]山橙内生真菌富含抑菌活性菌株,蕴藏着潜在的抑菌活性物质,具有良好的应用前景.     

叶面阻隔联合土壤钝化对水稻镉吸收转运的影响

为了探讨叶面阻隔联合钝化对水稻镉吸收转运的影响,实现重金属污染农田稻米安全生产,采用大田试验的方式,选用氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥和活性硅肥作为叶面阻隔剂,硅钙肥和贝壳粉作为土壤钝化剂,在田间共设置7个处理：水稻常规种植（CK）,叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥（Se400）,叶面喷施活性硅肥（Si1000）,叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥的同时分别基施硅钙肥（Se400GG）和贝壳粉（Se400BK）,叶面喷施活性硅肥的同时分别基施硅钙肥（Si1000GG）和贝壳粉（Si1000BK）。水稻成熟后对水稻籽粒、颖壳、秸秆、根四部分的镉含量进行检测。结果表明：与对照处理相比,各处理水稻籽粒中镉含量均不同程度降低,且叶面阻隔联合土壤钝化处理的效果更好。Se400GG处理水稻籽粒镉含量下降最明显,降幅为88.13%,水稻籽粒镉含量为（0.18±0.01）mg·kg^-1,低于大米镉限量值0.2 mg·kg^-1（GB 2762—2017）;其次是Si1000GG处理,水稻籽粒镉含量下降了56.77%;单独叶面阻隔的两个处理Si1000和Se400效果较差,水稻籽粒镉含量仅下降了18.28%和9.03%。水稻籽粒镉含量降低的主要原因是水稻各部位的富集系数和转运系数减小,Se400GG和Si1000GG处理水稻根到秸秆的转运系数下降了84.93%和72.60%,水稻籽粒的富集系数下降了87.88%和56.06%,而Se400和Si1000处理水稻根到秸秆的转运系数仅下降46.58%和38.36%,水稻籽粒的富集系数仅下降12.12%和15.91%。可见,叶面阻隔联合钝化技术,尤其是叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥的同时基施硅钙肥能更有效地阻隔水稻对镉的吸收和转运,降低水稻籽粒镉的含量,是值得在镉低污染稻田推广应用的技术。     

关于当前中国农村生态文明建设的思考

生态文明建设是全面建成小康社会的重要内容,当前生态文明建设日益推进,环境保护受到 越来越多的重视,但农村生态文明建设形势依然严峻,我国农村生态文明建设正处于关键时期。本文 分析了当前中国农村生态文明建设存在的问题,在此基础上找到有效解决路径,进而推进农村生态文 明建设。     

浅析广西产业扶贫发展与成效

广西的产业扶贫是当下整个广西的脱贫攻坚工作的重要组成部分,探讨广西产业扶贫的探 索过程和成效,对促进广西贫困地区脱贫,实现全面建设小康社会,有着积极的意义。     

基于农村公共卫生视角的中央与地方事权的划分

在现代社会公平是不可回避的问题,在公共卫生领域同样如此。通过对比相关数据发现政 府对于农村公共卫生投入不足,城乡间的公共卫生服务水平差距明显;其次省际间分化更为严重。对 以上问题,首先,必须建构明确的事权划分原则和细则适度上移共享事权,使得事权与支出责任相匹 配;其次,需通过中央的宏观调控之手加大对农村卫生领域的投入,缩小省际间的公共卫生服务水平 差距。     

A new Curvularia lunata variety discovered in Huanghuaihai Region in China

The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant pathogens of Curvularia leaf spot and their pathogenicity variation in Huanghuaihai Region of China in recent years. In 2013 and 2016–2017, the occurrences of Curvularia leaf spots on maize were investigated in fields located in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and 292 fungi were isolated from diseased leaves. These fungal isolates were subjected to morphological identification, and 232 isolates were found to have about 70% uncurved conidia and were identified as Curvularia lunata var. Most of the conidia of 2 representative isolates, namely, HNWB-131 and HNWB-185, were oblong with parallel septations and were distinctly different from a reference isolate CX-3. For further determination, the internal transcribed spacer(ITS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH), the large subunit(LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1-α) sequences of HNWB-131, HNWB-185, and CX-3 were amplified and sequenced. The results of sequence analysis showed that the 4 gene sequences from the 3 isolates had a similarity of more than 99% to C. lunata. Based on the sequences of ITS and the combined data of the 4 genes, neighbor-joining trees were constructed for phylogenetic analysis. The results indicated that these 3 isolates were clustered together with C. lunata. The expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes in mycelia and conidia was significantly(P0.05) higher in CX-3 than in HNWB-131 and HNWB-185. This study found that the dominant pathogen of Curvularia leaf spot was a new variety of C. lunata with morphological variations in Huanghuaihai Region from 2013 to 2017. The pathogenicity of the C. lunata var. was not significantly enhanced, and the expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes of C. lunata var. was decreased.     

Heterologous expression of the ThIPK2 gene enhances drought resistance of common wheat

Th IPK2 is an inositol polyphosphate kinase gene cloned from Thellungiella halophila that participates in diverse cellular processes. Drought is a major limiting factor in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) production. The present study investigated whether the application of the Th IPK2 gene could increase the drought resistance of transgenic wheat. The codon-optimized Th IPK2 gene was transferred into common wheat through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation driven by either a constitutive maize ubiquitin promoter or a stress-inducible rd29 A promoter from Arabidopsis. Molecular characterization confirmed the presence of the foreign gene in the transformed plants. The transgenic expression of Th IPK2 in wheat led to significantly improve drought tolerance compared to that observed in control plants. Compared to the wild type(WT) plants, the transgenic plants showed higher seed germination rates, better developed root systems, a higher relative water content(RWC) and total soluble sugar content, and less cell membrane damage under drought stress conditions. The expression profiles showed different expression patterns with the use of different promoters. The codon-optimized Th IPK2 gene is a candidate gene to enhance wheat drought stress tolerance by genetic engineering.     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

Genomic characteristics of Dickeya fangzhongdai isolates from pear and the function of type IV pili in the chromosome

Dickeya fangzhongdai, the causal agent of bleeding canker of pear, is a new member of the Dickeya genus and the only one that infects woody plants. Recent studies have reclassified several Dickeya isolates as D. fangzhongdai, which were isolated from various environments, including water, Phalaenopsis sp. and Aglaonema sp. To provide genomic characterization of D. fangzhongdai isolates from pear, the genomes of D. fangzhongdai strain JS5 (=China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, CGMCC 1.15464^T=DSM 101947^T), along with two other isolates, LN1 and QZH3, were sequenced and compared to those of other Dickeya spp. Homology greater than 99% was observed among three D. fangzhongdai strains. Plasmid, type IV secretion system (T4SS) and type IV pili (TFPs) were found in genomes of D. fangzhongdai isolates. Comparative analysis of the type III secretion systems (T3SS), type III secretion effectors (T3SE), plant cell wall degradation enzymes (PCWDE) and membrane transport proteins of Dickeya spp. showed some differences which might reflect the variations of virulence, phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics of Dickeya spp. In addition, deletion mutant of TFP in D. fangzhongdai JS5 showed no twitching motility and reduced virulence and biofilm formation. The fingdings of the distinctive plasmid, T4SS and TFPs, as well as the differences of T3SE, PCWDE and membrane transport proteins make D. fangzhongdai isolates unique. These results also suggested that acquisition of virulence genes by horizontal gene transfer might play some role in the genetic variation of D. fangzhongdai.