Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after single dose intravenous and oral administration to alpacas

Voriconazole is a new antifungal drug that has shown effectiveness in treating serious fungal infections and has the potential for being used in large animal veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was to determine the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of voriconazole after single-dose intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration to alpacas. Four alpacas were treated with single 4 mg/kg i.v. and oral administrations of voriconazole. Plasma voriconazole concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. The terminal half-lives following i.v. and oral administration were 8.01 ± 2.88 and 8.75 ± 4.31 h, respectively; observed maximum plasma concentrations were 5.93 ± 1.13 and 1.70 ± 2.71 μg/mL, respectively; and areas under the plasma concentration vs. time curve were 38.5 ± 11.1 and 9.48 ± 6.98 mg·h/L, respectively. The apparent systemic oral availability was low with a value of 22.7 ± 9.5%. The drug plasma concentrations remained above 0.1 μg/mL for at least 24 h after single i.v. dosing. The i.v. administration of 4 mg/kg/day voriconazole may be a safe and appropriate option for antifungal treatment of alpacas. Due to the low extent of absorption in alpacas, oral voriconazole doses of 20.4 to 33.9 mg/kg/day may be needed.     

表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ对21日龄断奶仔猪胃和小肠发育的作用

选用21日龄断奶长白仔猪3窝(37头),随机分为表皮生长因子、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ、基础日粮、自然哺乳4组,探讨17.86μg d/剂量下的表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ对21日龄断奶长白仔猪胃和小肠发育的作用。采用H E染色、比色、原位杂交和Western Blot等方法,分别检测了小肠黏膜形态;小肠重量、DNA和RNA含量;胃肠消化酶和小肠双糖酶活性;小肠表皮生长因子受体和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ受体表达;小肠黏膜H SP70蛋白表达。本试验结果表明,该剂量表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ可促进21日龄断奶长白仔猪小肠黏膜形态的发育,激活胃和小肠消化酶和双糖酶,与其相应的受体结合,改善断奶应激。表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ具有促进早期断奶仔猪胃和小肠发育的作用。     

Slaking characteristics of some Australian and British soils

Aggregates (9.5–12.7 mm) from ten soils were equilibrated at a range of matric suctions (Ψ_a) between 1 kPa and 100 MPa before immersion in water or wetting on a porous plate at zero suction. The soils were from cultivated and grassland sites and included hardsetting and non-hardsetting Australian and British soils as well as a Vertisol. The initial rate of wetting of each aggregate, and the composition and size distribution of the slaked fragments were measured. There was a significant inverse linear relation between the amount of slaking produced by plate wetting air-dry soil (Ψ_a=100 MPa) and its organic carbon content (r= 0.82***). The three cultivated hardsetting soils shared several common features. Their slaking was the most pronounced after plate wetting and occurred at the smallest Ψ_a(10 kPa). Their slaking also increased linearly with rate of wetting and the particle-size distribution of their slaked fragments varied significantly and considerably with Ψ_a. This last observation demonstrates that it is not always helpful to call the fragments produced by slaking, microaggregates. Possible explanations for our results and their agricultural implications are discussed.     

吉林省大豆生产的现状及发展潜力浅析

通过对吉林省大豆生产的历史及现状的分析,阐述当前存在的主要问题、优势和潜力,并对如何提高大豆产量和品质提出建议。     

番茄灰霉病生物防治菌株的筛选

从土壤中筛选出对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cineren Pers．)有较强拮抗作用的生物防治菌株94株，其中拮抗细菌22株，分离率为17.6％；拮抗放线菌53株，分离率为11．7％；拮抗木霉菌19株，分离率为28.8％。研究发现，拮抗细菌可产生抗生素类物质，且在121℃高温下处理30min不失活，放线菌的抗生物质大多不耐热。拮抗木霉菌具较强的营养竞争及重寄生作用．温室接种试验表明对番茄叶部灰霉病的防治效果达67．18％。     

农机化新技术推广工作的重要性

推广农机化新技术,加快农业机械化进程,促进农业和农村经济发展再上新的台阶,对于推动农业现代化进程具有十分重要的意义。笔者根据多年的基层农机推广工作实践,针对现行农机推广工作存在的重要性提出自己的看法。     

水土保持耕作下陇东玉米-小麦-大豆轮作系统产量、土壤易氧化有机碳动态

在陇东黄土高原定位研究了玉米－冬小麦－大豆轮作系统中4种耕作处理：传统耕作（T1）、耕作覆草（T2）、免耕（T3）和免耕覆草（T4）对作物产量和表层土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明，2001年至2004年，经过2个轮作周期后，4个处理下作物产量无显著差异；免耕＋秸秆还田下土壤易氧化有机碳比传统耕作处理下显著增加2.44g／kg，易氧化有机碳与土壤全氮和水稳性团粒结构有显著的正相关关系，说职水土保持耕作对改善土壤理化性质有积极促进作用。易氧化有机碳组分可指示轻壤质地土壤对耕作措施的响应，水土保持耕作对产量增加的效应滞后于其对土壤理化性质产生的良好效应。     

水稻恶苗病发生规律的探讨

在浸种、催芽时浸菌接种处理,调查三叶期水稻恶苗病发病率.结果表明,催芽阶段对于水稻恶苗病的发生最为有利;病害发病率与浸种温度成正相关(相关系数为0.8757),在28～34℃范围内,发病率与催芽温度之间的正相关系数为0.9570;最适的催芽温度为34℃;浸种、催芽阶段最适的接种时间分别为18 h、24h,两个阶段浸种时间与发病率之间的相关系数分别为0.9620和0.8947.而最适于病原菌入侵的时期是"芽长一粒谷"阶段.     

基于低碳经济导向的土地利用结构优化研究——以福建省福州市为例

[目的]研究基于低碳经济导向的福州市土地利用结构优化方案,为相关部门进行土地利用规划及其调整提供参考。[方法]采用灰色多目标线性规划法,建立目标函数,获得土地利用结构优化方案。[结果]通过与土地规划方案对比发现,中碳排放型的的优化方案最佳。在该方案下,预计到2020年福州市土地碳排放量达1.30×107 t,土地经济效益为7 701.24亿元,土地生态效益为785.33亿元。[结论]低碳经济导向的土地利用结构优化方案有利于该区域经济效益的发挥和生态环境的改善,实现碳减排目标。     

三江源高寒草地常见可食牧草在不同分布区的营养成分分析

为了解不同区域可食牧草的营养特征并在后期加以利用,对三江源地区常见可食牧草进行概略养分分析,采用随机取样方法并进行常规分析.结果 表明:(1)莎草科物种以及禾本科垂穗披碱草的养分含量与海拔存在一定的相关,在三江源区域的分布为东部和南部较高而西部北部偏低;(2)两种杂类草以及紫花针茅的综合营养价值为西部高于东部,但主要营...