包气带土壤pH对灌溉施肥响应的变异过程

为了分析灌溉施肥活动引起的包气带土壤pH值变异特征及其对地球化学条件的响应,通过历时3 a的野外原位灌溉施肥试验,应用不同季节灌前、灌后6 m土层中不同深度的测定资料,系统分析了土壤pH对灌溉、施肥的响应过程,结果表明：各深度pH值呈弱变异性（CV=1.01%~2.28%）,与灌溉前相比,灌后土壤pH值的均值和变异系数均呈现明显的变化;灌前包气带各层pH具有强烈的空间自相关性,灌后受水分、基质等相互作用影响,pH的空间自相关性有所减弱,C₀/(C₀+C)和变程a分别由7.23 m和3.54 m(灌前0 d)减少到3.26 m和2.76 m(灌后第10天)。土壤基质是决定土壤酸碱性的主要因素,在灌溉施肥活动对pH的响应过程中,地球化学条件（土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤有机质(SOM)、氧化还原电位（RP）等)、土壤基质组成和氮底物浓度（NH⁺₄-N）等的交互作用影响pH的动态。土壤含水量和温度单独对pH影响不显著,两者交互作用对pH有显著影响。引起土壤pH变化的主要变异源为Cl^-、土壤有机质(SOM)、NO^-₃-N、NH⁺₄-N等营养物质和不同空间深度土壤基质的差异,表明灌溉施肥改变了包气带pH地球化学动力场、营养物质和土壤基质的交互作用,引起各深度的生物地球化学反应,控制pH值的空间变异特性。当包气带介质土壤水分变化时,首先营养物氨态氮以分子态或水合态形式被介质吸附,H⁺得到释放,使得灌后第4天pH值下降。随着氨氧化过程中H⁺的释放,pH在灌前和灌后第10天和第30天有显著差异。氨的氧化引起硝酸盐含量不断增加,使得硝酸盐对pH值的影响在灌后不断增强,相关系数由0.24(0 d,P<0.05)增加到0.41(30 d,P<0.01),而氨态氮对pH值的影响逐步降低,相关系数由0.43(0 d,P<0.01)降低为0.19(30 d,P>0.05)。     

黄壤旱地豆科绿肥养分释放特征

在贵阳市黄壤旱地内采用尼龙网袋法,研究不同含水量的绿肥在直接还田和添加生物炭后翻压还田情况下的养分释放特征,以期为黄壤旱地绿肥科学还田及化肥合理减施提供理论依据。结果表明：不同处理的腐解速率趋势相同,均呈现先快速腐解、再缓慢腐解、并逐渐趋于平稳的趋势,总腐解速率表现为风干绿肥+生物炭 > 新鲜绿肥+生物炭 > 风干绿肥...     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.     

皱纹盘鲍食道的结构与功能

以组织学，组织化学，扫描电镜和透射电镜观察及酶活性测定等方法研究了皱纹盘鲍的食道，食道可分为前，中后，三段，中段又可分为食物通道和食道侧囊，食道粘膜上皮由纤毛柱状细胞，粘液细胞，闰状腺细胞，微绒毛细胞和分泌细胞组成，纤毛柱状细胞参与运输食物和分泌物，并呈现吸收细胞的结构特征；粘液细胞分泌中性和酸性粘多糖；颗粒状腺细胞内充盈分泌颗粒；微绒毛细胞呈现吸收细胞的特征；分泌细胞具有强的蛋白酶等酶活性，能以楔浆分泌形式分泌消化酶，该细胞还具有吸收和细胞内消化作用。食道中段还呈现3种植物多糖酶活性。     

工厂化水产养殖水质监测系统

工厂化水产养殖的密度高、风险大,养殖对象对pH、溶解氧、温度、氨氮、亚硝酸盐等水质参数的变化敏感,受影响严重,监测水质参数极为重要。本文针对工厂化水产养殖水质监测特点和需求,研发了工厂化水产养殖水质监测系统。分析研究pH、溶解氧、温度、亚硝酸盐等水质参数的阈值,设计水质监测数据无线采集节点和基于Zigbee的无线监测网络,建立水质监测系统软件平台。结果表明,该系统能够实现工厂化水产养殖水质实时监测,保证生产安全,提高水产养殖生产效率。     

Validation of diagnostic assays to screen broodstock for Flavobacterium psychrophilum infections

It is hypothesized that the frequency of bacterial coldwater disease outbreaks can be reduced through the detection of the aetiologic agent, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, in broodstock followed by culling of eggs from heavily infected broodstock. Before a culling programme can be instituted, however, it is necessary to determine the sensitivity and specificity of existing assays for the detection of F. psychrophilum. In this study, tissue and ovarian fluid samples were collected from 224 fish at five hatcheries and screened using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a membrane‐filtration fluorescent antibody test (MF‐FAT), bacteriological culture and nested PCR. Latent class analysis was used to estimate sensitivity and specificity of kidney culture, kidney ELISA, nested PCR and MF‐FAT. Analytical sensitivity of the ELISA varied but was greatest when bacteria were cultured under iron‐limiting conditions. Diagnostic sensitivity estimates ranged from 0.02 (kidney culture) to 0.97 (kidney ELISA). Specificity estimates ranged from 0.02 (MF‐FAT) to 0.98 (kidney ELISA). In a separate challenge experiment, the ELISA confirmed the presence of F. psychrophilum in sub‐clinically infected fish. Results from this study demonstrate that the ELISA is an appropriate tool to screen broodstock and provides an indication of infection severity, which is crucial for implementation of a screening/culling programme.     

CD40 induces an antimicrobial response against the intracellular pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Streptococcus agalactiae is a Gram‐positive facultative intracellular bacterium that leads to severe economic loss of tilapia worldwide. Previous studies demonstrated that CD40 contributes to host protection against intracellular injection. In this study, CD40 was characterized from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), named OnCD40. Sequence analysis showed that open reading frame of OnCD40 was 933 bp, containing a single peptide, a transmembrane domain and four cysteine‐rich domains. The qRT‐PCR revealed that OnCD40 was expressed in all examined tissues with the most abundant ones in spleen and thymus. After S. agalactiae stimulation, the expression of OnCD40 was significantly induced in most of the detected organs. Moreover, OnCD40‐overexpressing fish elicited significant protection against subsequent S. agalactiae challenge; approximately 10000‐fold fewer bacteria were detected in spleen of OnCD40‐overexpressing fish in comparison with control fish. Thus, CD40 had protecting function in Nile tilapia against intracellular pathogens.     

The On-Farm Trials of the Rotational Prawn-Rice Farming in a Semi-Deep Water Area

ABSTRACT

The on-farm trials of rotational rice-prawn farming in a semi-deep water area in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was carried out in six rice fields (0.7–1.0 ha) to evaluate the production and economic efficiency of using low and high cost feed on prawn culture in paddies at different densities. Two stocking densities of 4 and 5 PL/m² were investigated. Two treatments of feed types (pellets only or a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat) were applied at stocking 4 PL/m². At the treatment of 5 PL/m², prawns were fed a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat. Prawns were stocked in the mid-April and harvested in mid‐November before the next dry season rice crop. Rice farming was started 3 to 5 days after prawn harvesting. By cull harvesting during the culture period, final mean weights of prawn ranged from 47.2 to 57.2 g/prawn and the male:female ratio at harvesting was 2.5:1.0. The prawn yield of treatment 5 PL/m² was highest (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Net profits in treatments using the combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat were 861 ± 193 US$/ha to 1,019 ± 25 US$/ha for the prawn crop and 1,393 ± 71 US$/ha to 1,576 ± 180 US$/ha for the whole system (prawn crop + dry rice crop) and significantly higher than in treatment using pellet only (P < 0.05). Prawns fed on pellets or a combination of pellets and snail meat both offer similar results in terms of production and economics. The dry rice crop offered high cost benefit ratio (2.29–2.33) with low operating cost (414–434 USD/ha) and it made a better use in sustainable rice fields through the rotational rice-prawn system.     

沙颍河周口段水质生物学检测及评价

对沙颍河周口段水质进行检测,包括微生物学检测、叶绿素a测定等,结合理化检测对其水质做出初步评价.结果表明大闸上游段水质为β-中污带,贫营养型;胜利桥段水质为α-中污带,中营养型;地区医院段水质为多污带,属富营养型.