干热河谷区紫檀与柚木生长适应性研究初探

通过引进实生苗开展栽植试验,并观测和分析苗木成活率、基径、树高和叶片净光合速率,研究了紫檀与柚木在干热河谷区的生长适应性。结果表明：紫檀可能较为适应干热河谷的气候条件,栽植早期通过人工抚育和肥料管理,可望达到较好效果;柚木的适应性较差,生长受限,人工栽植措施还有待进一步研究。     

攀枝花市麻疯树老树特征的初步研究

本文初步研究了攀枝花市不同年龄与生境的麻疯树老树,分析了老树特征与衰老的环境诱导结构限制现象。结果表明：（1）麻疯树衰老树体相对地径（16 cm～62 cm）、树龄（15 a～41 a）、冠幅（3 m×3 m～8.5 m×8.5m）、高度（2 m～6.96 m）较大,一级枝较大,有一定比例的枯死枝;（2）新梢小（枝径0.7 cm～1.12 cm;长度7 cm～28 cm之间）,生长量低,萌生枝稀少,生殖枝比例偏低（趋近于30%以下）;（3）单枝坐果量低（0～3个）,干果重量1.65 g,千粒重490 g,壳比例30%,适合度偏低;（4）生境肥沃时树龄偏大,衰老程度弱,而生境瘠薄时树龄小,衰老程度强烈;（5）不考虑环境异质性,则衰老为树体结构限制的结果,新梢大小小于分支阈值,丧失了树体发育的能力而成为限制生长的因素。综合分析,麻疯树老树指标是分支率,在分支率为1时衰老启动;形态上衰老为环境诱导结构限制的产物,而结构限制可能是衰老的主观因素。     

麻疯树人工林单木生物量与生产力模型研究

回归分析法是构建单木生物量模型进而估算群体生物量的基本方法。本文研究了攀枝花市马店河一个麻疯树4年人工林生物量与生产力模型的构建过程,运用相关生长定律分析参数合理性,并筛选了适宜的模型构建参数。首先,用地径、高度、D2H、树冠直径、冠幅、枝下高、树冠垂直投影体积这些灌木生物量测定中经常采用的外部形态指标构建麻疯树单木生物量模型,得到拟合性最好的幂函数、抛物线、对数函数模型。其次,采用树体构型指标,如枝条数量（不同年龄枝级）与分支率（总体分支率、）参数构建单木生物量模型,得到相关性不等的幂函数、抛物线模型。用年龄平均法与直径增量法同时估算了麻疯树单木生产力,分别为Pa=4.93±3.92 kg.a-1,Pd=4.59±3.82 kg.a-1,方差分析差异不明显。经回归,获得单木生产力模型。通过排序,获得对生产力贡献较大的因子,并对筛选的因子进行多元回归,得到Y=∑AiXi（其中Ai为第i个常数,Xi为第i个变量,i为测定变量总个体）,提高了估算的精确度。分析表明,地径、冠幅直径、冠幅、冠幅垂直体积都能较为准确的估算单木生物量、生产力,但生殖生物量估算相关系数在0.8以下（0.607〈r2〈0.753）,精确度不高,表明生殖自身特性的独特性。     

降水和气温因子与造林成活率关系的调查与分析

对东丰县大阳林场2006～2010年连续5 a的造林成活率进行调查,分析其与降水和气温两个因子的关系,结果表明：在造林树种、密度、立地条件和苗木质量基本相同的前提下,年平均温度是影响造林成活率的最关键因子,此外,3～5份的温度对成活率亦有显著影响,低温常导致造林成活率降低。降水量在满足苗木成活的基本要求后,其作用不甚明...     

耕作、残茬及施肥管理对土壤有机质动态变化影响的情景分析

Based on data from 10-year field experiments on residue/fertilizer management in the dryland farming region of northern China, Century model was used to simulate the site-specific ecosystem dynamics through adjustment of the model＇s parameters, and the applicability of the model to propose soil organic carbon （SOC） management temporally and spatially, in cases such as of tillage/residue/fertilization management options, was identified v/a scenario analysis.Results between simulations and actual measurements were in close agreement when appropriate applications of stover,manure and inorganic fertilizer were combined. Simulations of extreme C/N ratios with added organic materials tended to underestimate the measured effects. Scenarios of changed tillage methods, residue practices and fertilization options showed potential to maintain and enhance SOC in the long run, while increasing inorganic N slowed down the SOC turnover rate but did not create a net C sink without any organic C input. The Century model simulation showed a good relationship between annual C inputs to the soil and the rate of C sequestration in the top 20 cm layer and provided quantitative estimations of changes in parameters crucial for sustainable land use and management. Conservation tillage practices for sustainable land use should be integrated with residue management and appreciable organic and inorganic fertilizer application, adapted according to the local residue resource, soil fertility and production conditions. At least 50% residue return into the soil was needed annually for maintenance of SOC balance, and manure amendment was important for enhancement of SOC in small crop-livestock systems in which crop residue land application was limited.     

岔巴沟流域泥沙输移比时空分异特征及影响因素

本文以团山沟单元小流域作为流域系统产沙的源地，将其它中小流域输沙模数与单元小流域侵蚀模数之比定义为泥沙输移比，系统的研究了岔巴沟流域次暴雨泥沙输移比的时空变化特征及降水水文影响因子和地貌形态因子的综合影响。研究发现，从长远来看，流域系统的侵蚀与产沙可达到平衡，但就次降雨或年度而言，流域系统经常处于泥沙滞留和滞留的泥沙重新侵蚀搬运的状态。降雨量、径流系数、降雨时间、水流平均含沙量能很好的表达岔巴沟各流域次暴雨泥沙输移比，在考虑地貌形态因子的影响后，得到了岔巴沟流域次暴雨泥沙输移比的降水水文因子与地貌形态因子关系的综合表达式。     

菜地土壤中氮肥的反硝化损失和N2O排放

A field experiment was conducted on Chinese cabbage （Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis （Lour.） Olsson） in a Nanjing suburb in 2003. The experiment included 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates： zero chemical fertilizer N （CK）; urea at rates of 300 kg N ha^-1 （U300） and 600 kg N ha^-1 （U600）, both as basal and two topdressings; and polymer-coated urea at a rate of 180 kg N ha^-1 （PCU180） as a basal application. The acetylene inhibition technique was used to measure denitrification （N2 ＋ N2O） from intact soil cores and N2O emissions in the absence of acetylene. Results showed that compared to （3K total denitrification losses were significantly greater （P ≤ 0.05） in the PCU180, U300, and U600 treatments,while N2O emissions in the U300 and U600 treatments were significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） than （3K. In the U300 and U600 treatments peaks of denitrification and N2O emission were usually observed after N application. In the polymer-coated urea treatment （PCU180） during the period 20 to 40 days after transplanting, higher denitrification rates and N2O fluxes occurred. Compared with urea, polymer-coated urea did not show any effect on reducing denitrification losses and N2O emissions in terms of percentage of applied N. As temperature gradually decreased from transplanting to harvest, denitrification rates and N2O emissions tended to decrease. A significant （P ≤0.01） positive correlation occurred between denitrification （r = 0.872） or N2O emission （r = 0.781） flux densities and soil temperature in the CK treatment with a stable nitrate content during the whole growing season.     

不同耕作措施下旱作农田土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征

以连续进行12年的保护性耕作长期定位试验为研究对象,探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田豌豆-小麦双序列轮作系统的土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征的影响。结果表明:各处理均以≥0.25 mm团聚体为优势团聚体,且≥0.25 mm团聚体含量随土层深度增加而增加,而其他粒径团聚体含量随土层深度的变化并无明显规律。较之T处理,TS、NT、NTS处理均可提升≥0.25 mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径,NTS处理提升效果最明显。TS、NT、NTS处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于T处理,其中TS、NTS处理显著高于T处理,NTS处理高于TS处理;各处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均随土层增加而减小。较之T处理,NT、TS、NTS处理可不同程度提高各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,NTS处理的含量最高;各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均随土层深度增加而减小;同时,团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量随粒径减小而增加。2~5 mm和0.25~2 mm和≥5 mm团聚体含量与相应粒径团聚体有机碳含量呈极显著正相关、极显著正相关和极显著负相关;0.25~2 mm和≥5 mm团聚体含量与相应级别团聚体全氮含量分别呈极显著正相关和显著负相关。T处理不同粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率按其大小排序均为(0.25 mm)(≥5 mm)(0.25~2 mm)(2~5 mm),其他3种耕作措施各粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率在各土层中的排序各有不同,并无明显规律。     

不同耕作方式对玉米根系特性及养分吸收转运的影响

  【目的】  耕作方式影响玉米根系的生长发育及养分吸收，比较东北中部雨养区不同耕作制度下玉米根系生长和养分吸收特征，为建立合理的耕作方式提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  2011―2012年，在吉林省连续进行了2年的田间定位试验，设置4种耕作方式:浅灭茬后直接播种 (对照，T1)，苗带深松后镇压 (T2)，行间深松且苗带镇压 (T3)，苗带行间全部深松 (T4)。在6展叶期、吐丝期和生理成熟期，取0—60 cm土层的植株根系样品，分析玉米产量、养分吸收转运及根系生长发育特征。  【结果】  不同耕作方式下玉米产量差异显著 (P < 0.05)，两年平均值表现为T3 > T2 > T1 > T4，T2处理和T3处理的产量分别比T1处理增加8.1%和10.2%。与T1处理相比，T2和T3处理均增加了玉米吐丝后氮磷钾养分累积量，吐丝后累积养分对籽粒的贡献率显著增加 (P < 0.05)。T2和T3处理下的氮、磷、钾累积量对籽粒的贡献率分别比T1处理增加了0.4%～3.6%、16.9%～33.8%、70.5%～82.1%，T3处理增幅高于T2处理。T2和T3处理显著增加了玉米各生育期的总根干重、总根长和总根表面积 (P < 0.05)，其中，6展叶期至成熟期，总根干重、总根长、总根表面积的增幅分别为9.8%～22.8%、16.1%～33.1%、19.9%～38.2%。T2和T3处理在各土壤剖面的根系形态均优于T1处理，其中以T2处理最佳，且在20—40 cm土层间差异最为显著 (P < 0.05)。与T1处理相比，T3处理下各生育时期在20—40 cm土层的根干重、根长、根表面积平均增幅为34.1%、48.3%、47.8%，根直径平均增幅为22.1%。  【结论】  与浅灭茬后直接播种相比，苗带行间全部深松不利于根系发育，而行间深松且苗带镇压方式促进了根系的生长发育和纵向延伸，尤其是在20—40 cm土层根系干重、根长和根表面积明显增加，有利于根系对深层土壤养分的吸收利用，进而提高玉米花后累积养分对籽粒的贡献率，增加产量。     

Aggregate Stability and Its Relationship with Some ChemicalProperties of Red Soils in Subtropical China

The stability of aggregates in the surface soil is crucial to soil erosion and runoff generation. Thus, to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms of soil aggregates as well as the relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties, such as different forms of Fe and A1 oxides, organic matter, CEC and clay content, the aggregates of slightly and severely eroded red soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China were analyzed using the routine wet sieving and the Le Bissonnais methods. The results indicated that the aggregates of the severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils. Different aggregate breakdown mechanisms resulted in different particle size distribution. The slaking from entrapped air in aggregates severely destroyed the soil aggregates,especially in the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile, mechanical breakdown and microcracking had little effect on the aggregates compared to slaking. The fragments resulting from slaking were mainly microaggregates that increased in size with increasing clay content. The main fragment size of the slightly eroded soils was 1.0-0.2 mm, while for the severely eroded soils it was 5.0-2.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm. Overall, more than 20% of the fragments were smaller than 0.2 mm.In addition, aggregate stability was positively and often significantly correlated with Fed, Ald, Feo and clay content, but significantly and negatively correlated to SOC.