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61.
PC Sereno AL Beck DB Dutheil B Gado HCE Larsson GH Lyon JD Marcot OWM Rauhut RW Sadleir CA Sidor DD Varricchio GP Wilson JA Wilson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,282(5392):1298-1302
Fossils discovered in Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) rocks in the Tenere Desert of central Niger provide new information about spinosaurids, a peculiar group of piscivorous theropod dinosaurs. The remains, which represent a new genus and species, reveal the extreme elongation and transverse compression of the spinosaurid snout. The postcranial bones include blade-shaped vertebral spines that form a low sail over the hips. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the enlarged thumb claw and robust forelimb evolved during the Jurassic, before the elongated snout and other fish-eating adaptations in the skull. The close phylogenetic relationship between the new African spinosaurid and Baryonyx from Europe provides evidence of dispersal across the Tethys seaway during the Early Cretaceous. 相似文献
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JR Rodriguez-Sosa JD Silvertown RA Foster JA Medin A Hahnel 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(4):612-620
Spermatogonial transplantation will provide a new way to study spermatogenesis in domestic animals, disseminate male genetics and produce transgenic animals, if efficiency can be improved. We evaluated a 'surgical' method for transplanting donor cells into testes of ram lambs, where the head of the epididymis is reflected, and a catheter introduced into the extra-testicular rete testis. We also tested transduction of ram spermatogonia with a lentiviral (LV) vector as a means to identify permanent colonization, and introduce genes into donor cells. Eight ram lambs, 11- to 13-week olds, were the recipients: in five, spermatogonia were injected into one testis, and the contralateral testis was an un-manipulated control: in two, spermatogonia were injected into one testis and the contralateral was sham-injected: in one, both testes were injected. Six lambs received spermatogonia labelled with a cell-tracking dye and these were collected 1 or 2 weeks after transplantation; three lambs received spermatogonia transduced with a LV vector driving the expression of enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein and these were collected after 2 months. Donor cells were detected by immunohistochemistry in tubules of seven of nine recipient testes. Approximately 22% of tubule cross-sections contained donor cells immediately after transplantation, and 0.2% contained virally transduced cells 2 months after transplantation. The onset of spermatogenesis was delayed, and there were lesions in both injected and sham-injected testes. Despite the effects of the surgery, elongated spermatids were present in one recipient testis 2 months after surgery. The results suggest that, after modifying the surgical and transduction techniques, this approach will be a means to produce good colonization by donor spermatogonia in sheep testes. 相似文献
65.
Lee T. Hickey Mark J. Dieters Ian H. DeLacy Olena Y. Kravchuk Daryl J. Mares Phillip M. Banks 《Euphytica》2009,168(3):303-310
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be a significant problem, causing deleterious effects on grain quality. However, the adverse impacts of PHS can be
reduced by introgressing genes controlling grain dormancy into white-grained bread wheat. Screening for grain dormancy typically
involves germination testing of harvest-ripe grain grown in a glasshouse or field. However, the more uniform environmental
conditions provided by temperature controlled glasshouses (i.e. controlled environmental conditions—CEC) may provide significant
benefits for the assessment of grain dormancy. In this study, the dormancy phenotype of grain grown under CEC incorporating
an extended photoperiod, was compared with 2 years of data from field grown material. Four dormant double haploid lines (derived
from SW95-50213 and AUS1408) and two locally adapted non-dormant cultivars EGA Gregory and EGA Wills were compared in three
replicated experiments grown under CEC (22 ± 3°C and 24 h photoperiod). The germination response of harvest-ripe grain was
examined to assess the expression of grain dormancy. Two measures of germination, the predicted time to 50% germination (G
50) and a weighted germination index, both clearly differentiated dormant and non-dormant lines grown under CEC. In addition,
levels of grain dormancy were similar to field-grown plants. These results demonstrated that CEC with an extended photoperiod
can be used for rapid and reliable characterisation of grain dormancy in fixed lines of bread wheat. 相似文献
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67.
R Barretero‐Hernandez JA Vizcarra A Bowen M Galyean 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2010,45(6):983-987
The effect of exogenous administration of lamprey GnRH‐III (IGnRH‐III) on gonadotropin secretion was evaluated in pigs. Six crossbred barrows (82.4 ± 3.5 kg body weight) were assigned randomly to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 μg/kg body weight of exogenous IGnRH‐III on LH and FSH secretion. To facilitate blood collection and infusion of IGnRH‐III, barrows were catheterized in the jugular vein 1 day before initiation of experiments. Blood samples were taken at 10‐min intervals for 6 h, starting 2 h before treatments were applied. Relative concentrations of LH and FSH were calculated by obtaining the ratio of the average concentration of each hormone 2 h after infusion divided by the average concentration during the 2 h before infusion. Relative concentrations of FSH after IGnRH‐III infusion did not influence mean concentration of FSH at any of the doses; yet 10.0 μg/kg body weight had a significant effect on LH secretion (p < 0.01). Relative concentrations of LH averaged 1.2, 1.0 and 3.0 ng/ml (for doses of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg/kg body weight of IGnRH‐III respectively). Only a dose of 10 μg/kg body weight elicited a significant LH increase that was associated with exogenous IGnRH‐III infusion. We conclude that IGnRH‐III is a weak GnRH agonist and at high doses, IGnRH‐III has the ability to release LH but not FSH in barrows. 相似文献
68.
Renato G Credie Francisco J Teixeira Neto Tatiana H Ferreira Antônio JA Aguiar Fabio C Restitutti José E Corrente 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2010,37(3):240-249
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of methadone on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (ISOMAC) in dogs.Study designProspective, randomized cross-over experimental study.AnimalsSix adult mongrel dogs, four males and two females, weighing 22.8 ± 6.6 kg.MethodsAnimals were anesthetized with isoflurane and mechanically ventilated on three separate days, at least 1 week apart. Core temperature was maintained between 37.5 and 38.5 °C during ISOMAC determinations. On each study day, ISOMAC was determined using electrical stimulation of the antebrachium (50 V, 50 Hz, 10 mseconds) at 2.5 and 5 hours after intravenous injection of physiological saline (control) or one of two doses of methadone (0.5 or 1.0 mg kg?1).ResultsMean (±SD) ISOMAC in the control treatment was 1.19 ± 0.15% and 1.18 ± 0.15% at 2.5 and 5 hours, respectively. The 1.0 mg kg?1 dose of methadone reduced ISOMAC by 48% (2.5 hours) and by 30% (5 hours), whereas the 0.5 mg kg?1 dose caused smaller reductions in ISOMAC (35% and 15% reductions at 2.5 and 5 hours, respectively). Both doses of methadone decreased heart rate (HR), but the 1.0 mg kg?1 dose was associated with greater negative chronotropic actions (HR 37% lower than control) and mild metabolic acidosis at 2.5 hours. Mean arterial pressure increased in the MET1.0 treatment (13% higher than control) at 2.5 hours.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMethadone reduces ISOMAC in a dose-related fashion and this effect is lessened over time. Although the isoflurane sparing effect of the 0.5 mg kg?1 dose of methadone was smaller in comparison to the 1.0 mg kg?1 dose, the lower dose is recommended for clinical use because it results in less evidence of cardiovascular impairment. 相似文献
69.
Background
Determining the relative contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to fluctuations in population size, trends and demographic composition is analytically complex. It is often only possible to examine the combined effects of these factors through measurements made over long periods, spanning an array of population densities or levels of food availability. Using age-structured mark-recapture models and datasets spanning five decades (1950–1999), and two periods of differing relative population density, we estimated age-specific probabilities of survival and examined the combined effects of population density and environmental conditions on juvenile survival of southern elephant seals at Macquarie Island. 相似文献70.
The Portuguese millipede, Ommatoiulus moreleti, was first recorded in Australia on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia in 1953. By the early 1980s, O. moreleti had spread to several sites across southern Australia where it had become a significant nuisance pest invading houses in large numbers in autumn and spring. At that time, it was predicted that O. moreleti would further expand its distribution to occupy most areas of southern Australia with mean annual rainfall of 300–2400 mm (excluding areas with summer rain maxima), mean daily minimum air temperatures in winter of 0–15 °C and mean daily maximum temperatures in summer of 18–33 °C, based on climatic matching of where it had already spread to. This paper reports the known distribution of O. moreleti in Australia in 2013 and confirms the earlier prediction. Whilst stadial age and body size (width) of O. moreleti now vary greatly between individual sites in Australia, geographic scale patterns in these traits are slight, with both age and size only weakly correlated with rainfall and temperature. Millipedes are smaller in Australia compared with Portugal. The importance of this size variation is discussed with reference to its likely influence on fecundity and the success of an introduced biological control agent (Pelidnoptera nigripennis: Diptera, Sciomyzidae). 相似文献