中国西南干热河谷植被恢复研究现状与发展趋势

目的探究红河干热河谷人工恢复植被土壤氮、磷、钾化学计量与土壤微生物和酶之间的关系,以期为干热河谷区不同植被恢复模式对土壤特征的影响提供理论依据和参考。方法以红河干热河谷人工恢复植被和稀树灌草丛为研究对象,采用野外样地调查及室内控制试验的方法,分析久树和铁刀木2种人工纯林与以虾子花为主要植被类型的稀树灌草丛的土壤化学性质、酶及微生物之间的相互关系。结果群落中根系土壤与非根系土壤在有机质、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾、蛋白酶、脲酶、细菌和真菌含量存在显著差异(P<0.05);3种群落的根系与非根系中放线菌含量差异不显著(P>0.05),3种群落根系土壤酸性磷酸酶含量差异不显著(P>0.05);无论是人工恢复植物群落还是稀树灌草丛,根系土壤的活性都较非根系土壤活性高;通过冗余分析(RDA)表明：细菌、真菌和放线菌与缓效钾、速效钾和酸性磷酸酶呈正相关关系;此外,只有蛋白酶与3种微生物呈负相关,驱动群落变异的主要因子是缓效钾,其次是有效磷、有机质和酸性磷酸酶。结论通过人工植被恢复能够改善红河干热河谷林地的群落环境和土壤理化性质,相较于稀树灌草丛群落,人工恢复群落的土壤营养物质能获得更高效的利用,土壤微生物群落数量和结构得到改善,亦为揭示干热河谷的森林生态系统物质循环提供依据。     

朗乡省级自然保护区露营旅游SWOT分析与开发对策

以黑龙江省朗乡省级自然保护区为研究对象,运用SWOT方法对其露营旅游进行分析。结果表明:黑龙江省朗乡省级自然保护区发展露营旅游存在一定的劣势与威胁,但总体上的优势与机会明显,并在此基础上提出有利于朗乡露营旅游可持续发展的对策,旨在为朗乡自然保护区露营旅游的合理开发和利用提供参考。     

Evaluating and Comparing the Natural Cell Structure and Dimensions of Honey Bee Comb Cells of Chinese Bee,Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Italian Bee,Apis mellifera ligustica (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The hexagonal structure of the honey bee comb cell has been the source of many studies attempting to understand its structure and function. In the storage area of the comb, only honey is stored and no brood is reared. We predicted that honey bees may construct different hexagonal cells for brood rearing and honey storage. We used quantitative analyses to evaluate the structure and function of the natural comb cell in the Chinese bee, Apis cerana cerana and the Italian bee, A. mellifera ligustica. We made cell molds using a crystal glue solution and measured the structure and inclination of cells. We found that the comb cells of A. c. cerana had both upward-sloping and downward-sloping cells; while the A. m. ligustica cells all tilted upwards. Interestingly, the cells did not conform to the regular hexagonal prism structure and showed irregular diameter sizes. In both species, comb cells also were differentiated into worker, drone and honey cells, differing in their diameter and depth. This study revealed unique differences in the structure and function of comb cells and showed that honey bees design their cells with precise engineering to increase storage capacity, and to create adequate growing room for their brood.     

Effects of arrangement of surge-rootirrigation emitters on growth,yield andwater use efficiency of apple trees

Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment. The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards. There were three factors: the buried depth H( 25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L( 30,40,60 cm) between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N( 1,2,4). The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency( IWUE) of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75% of the field water capacity. The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28 388. 17 kg/hm2 and 16. 83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively. At the same L and N levels( T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22% and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02% and 18.12% compared with T3,respectively. At the same H and N levels( T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level. Especially,when L was 30 cm( T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest. The same L and H levels( T3,T6,and T7) could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2( T3). Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%. Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.     

Fractional Distribution of Lead and Cadmium in Sludge and Soil Amended with Sludge Compost

Sludge is produced wherever sewage purification takes place. The amount of municipal dry sludge in China is more than 5.0×106 t per year. There are lots of soil nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and or- ganic matters contained in sludge, but heavy …     

绿色食品产业发展的再思考

发展绿色食品产业对推进我国农产品质量安全建设具有里程碑意义.分析了我国绿色食品产业发展取得的成绩,根据当前的农业发展形势,具体分析了发展绿色食品产业的意义,提出了具体的思路.     

次生盐化对溪流底栖分解者和凋落物分解的影响

次生盐化是人类活动引起的淡水水体盐度异常增高的现象。目前,次生盐化已经由干旱区的局域环境问题,蔓延成为全球性生态问题,严重威胁淡水生态系统生物多样性、生态系统功能和生态系统服务。然而,次生盐化对溪流生态系统的效应尚不清晰,本研究以分解者亚系统结构和功能为切入点,解析次生盐化对溪流分解者群落和凋落物分解过程的影响,以期为河溪生态系统保护、管理、修复提供理论依据。已有研究表明,在盐化溪流中,（1）细菌群落和真菌群落对盐化过程的响应模式存在显著不同,相应作用路径对凋落物分解过程变化的调控能力也不同,真菌响应更为复杂;（2）盐化可通过致死效应和亚致死效应对底栖动物群落产生显著影响,撕食者通常对盐度敏感,盐化作用下底栖撕食者变化对凋落物分解过程的影响非常重要;（3）凋落物分解速率普遍降低,但凋落物分解过程与水体盐化特征和模式之间的关系尚未确定。后续的研究重点应包括溪流盐化时空动态的生态效应研究、凋落物分解的元素释放动态等过程参数监测、溪流次生盐化与其他因素（全球变化、富营养化、新兴污染物等）的交互作用研究等     

基于BP神经网络的欠发达地区失地农民生计方式选择预测——以甘肃省兰州市安宁区为例

[目的]探析欠发达地区失地农民生计方式选择的影响因素,推进失地农民可持续生计研究,为精准实现失地农民可持续生计提供政策参考.[方法]以甘肃省兰州市安宁区失地农民群体为研究对象,基于可持续生计分析框架及实地调查数据,采用BP神经网络及二元Logistic回归模型定量分析人力资本和政策性因素对失地农民生计方式选择影响的边际效应.[结果]BP神经网络检验分类预测准确率达92.44%,二元Logistic回归模型检验分类预测准确率为78.15%,且BP神经网络的AUC值显著高于二元Logistic回归模型,表明BP神经网络具有更好的拟合性能,能更有效地分析失地农民生计资本对其转移就业选择的影响及边际效应.因征地补偿所获得的财产性收入和转移性收入在一定程度上降低了失地农民转移就业率;年龄对转移就业概率的边际效应呈倒U形,35岁以上失地农民的转移就业概率显著低于35岁以下群体,45岁以上失地农民的转移就业概率已低至0.5以下;欠发达地区教育水平仍是影响非农就业水平的关键因子,且高中以上教育水平对就业概率提升的影响显著.[建议]提高人力资本存量,增强职业技能培训;选取更合理的征地补偿措施,正确引导失地农民合理分配使用货币性补偿;完善失地农民劳动力市场体系,提供更有针对性的就业扶持及保障措施,缓解失地农民提前退出劳动力市场的现状.