Diversity of potential microbial parasites colonizing sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina in soil

The colonization of Macrophomina phaseolina sclerotia by microbial parasites was evaluated in unsterilized field soil at different levels of soil moisture (0,-5, and-10 kPa) and temperature (20, 30, and 40°C). The maximum colonization of sclerotia was recorded in soil held at-5 or-10 kPa at 30–40°C. Trichoderma harzianum isolate 25–92 and Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 4–92 were recorded as potential sclerotial parasites, and they significantly (P=0.05) reduced the germination of sclerotia by 60–63%. Cells of P. fluorescens and buffer-washed conidia of T. harzianum were completely agglutinated at 28°C with crude agglutinin of M. phaseolina. The ability of different antagonists to parasitize the sclerotia were correlated with the agglutination ability of the antagonists.     

Draft Genome Sequence of Potato Dry Rot Pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium sambucinum</Emphasis> Fckl. F-4

Fusarium sambucinum is one of the most important causal agents that not only cause the dry rot disease of potato tubers in fields and stores worldwide but also capable of producing secondary metabolites toxic for people and animals. Here we present the first draft genome sequence of the strain (F-4) estimated to be around appx. 42.0 Mb. The genome has 12,845 protein coding genes with more than 35,900 exons and gene density of 3.13 per 10Kb. F. sambucinum is evolutionary more close to the F. graminearum among the Fusarium species complex. The genome sequence represents a valuable resource for understanding the pathogenecity and virulence factors, and their evolution within the complex and highly plastic genus Fusarium.     

Actinomycetes mediated biochemical responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) enhances bioprotection against Rhizoctonia solani

Six actinomycetes isolates, namely Streptomyces toxytricini vh6, Streptomyces flavotricini vh8, S. toxytricini vh22, Streptomyces avidinii vh32, Streptomyces tricolor vh85 and vh41, an isolate of an unknown species of Actinomycetales, were tested for their efficacy in protecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) against Rhizoctonia solani under green house conditions. Actinomycetes treated plants showed better growth in terms of high chlorophyll content, higher phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and high total phenolic content. Qualitative and quantitative estimation of phenolic compounds from tomato leaves showed significant accumulation of six phenolic acids, gallic (29.02 μg g⁻¹ fresh leaf wt), ferulic (11.44 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt), cinnamic (56.84 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt), gentisic (24.19 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt), chlorogenic acid (1.72 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt) and salicylic (0.39 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt) acid, in actinomycetes treated plants. Biochemical profiling, when correlated with plant mortality in actinomycetes treated and untreated plants, indicated that isolates vh6 and vh8 offered 44.55% and 40.14% disease reductions, respectively compared to the control. These results established that these organisms have the potential to act as biocontrol agents.     

中国辽宁省与美国近纬度地区新育成大豆品种的株型与产量的比较研究

试验采用中国辽宁省与美国地理纬度相近、结荚习性相同的中国和美国大豆品种各4个,在相同种植条件下对株型性状进行了比较研究,探讨了大豆高产的株型特征.结果表明:美国大豆品种的节间较短、株高较矮,分枝数较多.美国大豆品种的叶片性状比较好,下部叶片为卵圆形,由下向上叶片逐节变长,中上部叶片较细小.美国大豆品种的荚数显著多于中国大豆品种,而百粒重却显著低于中国品种.在荚粒分布上,美国品种植株上层荚粒所占比例较小,下层荚粒所占比例较大,在同等种植条件下,美国大豆品种的产量显著高于中国品种.     

不同来源亚有限型大豆品种适应性的比较研究

采用地理纬度相似地区选育的、具有代表性的中、美大豆品种,在不同种植密度,施肥水平和种植地区条件下对大豆品种的适应性进行了比较研究.结果表明：在不同种植密度条件下美国俄亥俄州立大学选育的品种综合表现较好,都有较高的产量表现,对种植密度有较好的适应性;而辽宁省选育的品种大多产量较低,受种植密度影响较大,种植密度适应性较差.在磷酸二铵做种肥的条件下,美国俄亥俄州立大学选育的品种表现较好,对肥料的利用率较高;辽宁省选育的品种中,辽豆12号对施肥的反应较好,其它品种相对产量较低,肥力适应范围狭窄.美国俄亥俄州立大学选育的品种在不同地区种植平均产量均显著高于辽宁省选育的品种,两国品种对地区的适应性表现趋势一致,都是鞍山＞沈阳＞大连.     

m‐carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide improves developmental competence,reduces apoptosis and alters epigenetic status and gene expression pattern in cloned buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos

Incomplete or aberrant reprogramming of nuclear genome is one of the major problems in somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this study, we studied the effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor m‐carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA) on in vitro development of buffalo embryos produced by Hand‐made cloning. Cloned embryos were treated with CBHA (0, 5, 10, 20 or 50 μM) for 10 hr from the start of reconstruction till activation. At 10 μM, but not at other concentrations examined, CBHA increased (p < .05) the blastocyst rate (63.77 ± 3.97% vs 48.63 ± 3.55%) and reduced (p < .05) the apoptotic index of the cloned blastocysts (8.91 ± 1.94 vs 4.36 ± 1.08) compared to untreated controls, to levels similar to those in IVF blastocysts (4.78 ± 0.74). CBHA treatment, at all the concentrations examined, increased (p < .05) the global level of H3K9ac in cloned blastocysts than in untreated controls to that observed in IVF blastocysts. Treatment with CBHA (10 μM) decreased (p < .05) the global level of H3K27me3 in cloned blastocysts than in untreated controls but it was still higher (p < .05) than in IVF blastocysts. CBHA (10 μM) treatment increased (p < .05) the relative expression level of pluripotency‐related genes OCT‐4 and NANOG, and anti‐apoptotic gene BCL‐XL, and decreased (p < .05) that of pro‐apoptotic gene BAX than in untreated controls but did not affect the relative expression level of apoptosis‐related genes p53 and CASPASE3 and epigenetics‐related genes DNMT1, DNMT3a and HDAC1. These results suggest that treatment of cloned embryos with 10 μM CBHA improves the blastocyst rate, reduces the level of apoptosis and alters the epigenetic status and gene expression pattern.     

Infrared spectra of the complexes of malaoxon with some anhydrous metal chlorides

Treatment of malaoxon with the anhydrous chlorides of zinc (II), manganese (II) copper (II) and iron (III) in carbon tetrachloride below 10° yielded solid compounds corresponding to a (1:1) composition. The infrared spectra of these compounds show coordination through the P = O bond.