Why cuckoos should parasitize parrotbills by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the egg appearance of parrotbill hosts?

The coevolutionary interaction between cuckoos and their hosts has been studied for a long time, but to date some puzzles still remain unsolved. Whether cuckoos parasitize their hosts by laying eggs randomly or matching the egg morphs of their hosts is one of the mysteries of the cuckoo problem. Scientists tend to believe that cuckoos lay eggs matching the appearance of host eggs due to selection caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs.In this paper, we first review previous empirical studies to test this mystery and found no studies have provided direct evidence of cuckoos choosing to parasitize host nests where egg color and pattern match. We then present examples of unmatched cuckoo eggs in host nests and key life history traits of cuckoos, e.g. secretive behavior and rapid egg-laying and link them to cuckoo egg laying behavior. Finally we develop a conceptual model to demonstrate the egg laying behaviour of cuckoos and propose an empirical test that can provide direct evidence of the egg-laying properties of female cuckoos. We speculate that the degree of egg matching between cuckoo eggs and those of the host as detected by humans is caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs, rather than the selection of matching host eggs by cuckoos. The case of Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) and their parrotbill hosts(Paradoxornis alphonsianus), where it has been shown that both have evolved polymorphic eggs(mainly blue and white), was used to develop a conceptual model to demonstrate why cuckoos should utilize parrotbill hosts by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the appearance of host eggs.In conclusion, we found no evidence for the hypothesis that cuckoos lay eggs based on own egg color matching that of the parrotbill-cuckoo system. We argue theoretically that laying eggs matching those of the hosts in this system violates a key trait of the life history of cuckoos and therefore should be maladaptive.     

梭鱼的临界温度和临界氧量

本文报道了梭鱼的临界温度和临界氧量。临界温度进行了低温和高温致死试验，临界氧量进行了浮头时和窒息时的溶氧量测定。     

饲用燕麦和草木樨混播栽培技术

为了提高单位面积土地的利用效率,增加单位面积经济效益,采用饲用燕麦和草木樨混播技术,不仅可以合理、有效地利用空间、光照、热量和水分等资源,增加牧草产量,提高牧草品质,还可以进行营养互补;草木樨还可以改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力。通过开展饲用燕麦和草木樨混播栽培技术等方面的综合研究,明确了饲用燕麦和草木樨混播栽培选地、种子准备、播种、田间管理、收获等关键技术指标,为大田生产的规范化、标准化、产业化、市场化提供了技术支撑。     

植物乳杆菌野生质粒分析及其提取方法的优化

乳酸菌质粒提取研究具有很长的历史。目前已有多个有效的乳酸菌质粒提取方法被报道,其中多数以乳酸球菌为研究对象,而植物乳杆菌质粒提取有效方法报道较少。该研究以植物乳杆菌为研究对象,通过对比分析并优化已报道的乳酸菌质粒提取方法,得到了高效且适于平台期植物乳杆菌野生质粒的提取方法。通过该方法进一步分析了植物乳杆菌野生质粒数和高拷贝质粒,为后续构建植物乳杆菌表达系统所需供体质粒和受体菌株提供了重要依据。     

鄂尔多斯细羊毛生产经营分析及发展对策

鄂尔多斯细羊毛主要产自内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市乌审旗,羊毛综合品质堪比澳毛。近年来,在各级政府的大力支持下,当地相关部门积极探索,摸索出了一条有效的细羊毛生产经营之路,细羊毛价格连年攀升,当地农牧民实现稳步增收。为了进一步推进该地区细羊毛供给侧结构性改革,建议该地区进一步加强鄂尔多斯细毛羊品种改良,做好羊毛直销的组织工作,全面推行羊毛现代化管理技术,推行羊毛公正检验制度方面的生产经营模式。     

不同砧木伏令夏橙对土壤pH值的适应性

本试验研究了紫色土pH值对枳砧、红桔砧和香橙砧伏令夏橙吸收Fe、叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性以及植株生长的影响。结果表明,香橙砧最耐碱;红桔砧其次;枳砧最不耐碱;而耐酸性无大差异。其最适pH依次为6.2、5.7、5.7,pH8时的生长量相当最适pH时的84、50、38％。香橙很有希望在四川作pH>6.5的紫色土柑桔园的砧木。pH4时的生长量依次相当最适pH时的74、71、67％,枳仍是酸性土壤的最优砧木。     

苯酚在兽医生物制品检测中的应用

作者们发现可以用低浓度苯酚作为破乳剂将油乳剂疫苗中水相分离出来,利用后者在体外进行免疫学测定。应用这个方法发现市售减蛋综合症疫苗中的血凝价为２１０,市售卵黄抗体中新城疫病毒血凝抑制价和抗法氏囊病病毒抗体价分别为２７～２９和２５～２７。     

不同处理玉米的有机物质瘤胃降解率及小肠消化率的研究

用３头带瘤胃瘘管的杂种肉牛测定玉米、无机保护剂处理玉米、有机保护剂处理玉米、１０％和３０％鲜血处理玉米有机物质（ＯＭ）和非蛋白质有机物质（ＮＰＯＭ）的瘤胃动态降解率,ＯＭ分别为５３．０３％,４３．９１％,５３．５７％,３５．７３％和３８．８５％,ＮＰＯＭ分别为５３．６７％,４８．０６％,５５．７２％,３９．２４％和４４．４８％。用酶解法（牛小肠液冻干粉（ＢＩＦ））测得玉米、无机保护剂处理玉米、有机保护剂处理玉米、１０％和３０％鲜血处理玉米１２小时瘤胃非降解ＯＭ的消化率分别为７４．３９％,７６．２６％,７５．５４％,７７．８８％和７７．４３％,ＮＰＯＭ分别为６３．９２％,６４．７８％,６４．４３％,６７．７８％和６５．００％。     

酵母铬对围产后期奶牛抗氧化能力的影响

选用20头胎次相近和分娩期相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,对照组为基础日粮,3个处理组在基础日粮中分别添加3．0、6．0和9．0g／a的酵母铬。试验期为2周,从分娩当天持续到产后14d。结果表明,（1）与对照组相比,添加酵母铬可以提高血清中总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSHPx）的活力（P〈0．01）,降低丙二醛的浓度;（2）酵母铬降低了皮质醇含量,提高了胰岛素活性。本试验条件下,发现基础日粮添加9．0g／d的酵母铬,使铬添加水平为0．8mgCr／kg时,效果较好。为研究在日粮中添加不同水平的酵母铬对围产后期奶牛抗氧化性能的影响提供依据。     

丝瓜自交系主要经济性状配合力及遗传参数分析

按双列杂交设计,用Griffing分析方法,对6个丝瓜自交系的10个主要经济性状的配合力及遗传参数进行分析.结果表明:各性状的一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差均达到极显著水平.P3和P6自交系的综合性状较优,可在育种中直接利用;P3×P4等4个组合具有较强的杂种优势,有一定的增产潜力.在育种工作中,对丝瓜第1雌花节位等3个性状宜早代选择,而对可溶性糖含量等其它性状应进行晚代选择.