地源热泵水蓄能型植物工厂降温系统夏季运行特性

针对田间环境复杂、秸秆形态多样、秸秆覆盖率判断主观性影响过大、补贴面积测量耗时耗力等问题,该文开展了秸秆覆盖率率自动识别方法研究和监测设备研制。首先,提出利用时频变换进行秸秆识别,设计高通滤波器提取了图像的频域特征进行自适应分割。基于集成分类器利用已有的秸秆识别数据训练支持向量机分类器,对秸秆图像进行再识别和筛选。最后,设计多尺度占比滤波器,对识别图像中的噪声和空洞进行修补,生成适应多种情况的秸秆覆盖率识别算法。与北斗定位模块、无线通讯模块、摄像头、传感器、服务器等设备共同组成秸秆覆盖率识别系统。试验结果表明,设备的秸秆覆盖率识别误差为4.55%,平均单张图像耗时0.05 s。研究结果满足保护性耕作中的自动化监测要求,可为保护性耕作作业质量评测提供有效的技术支持。     

Simultaneous Removal of Phosphate and Nitrate in Wastewater Using High-Capacity Anion-Exchange Resin

The removal of nutrients in wastewater is a critical issue in water treatment because released nutrients can cause serious adverse effects in water systems or the aquatic environment. In this study, a high-performing polymeric anion-exchange resin was developed for the removal of nutrients from wastewater. The resins were prepared by chloromethylation followed by amination under preferred conditions. The resins were investigated for the removal of nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate, and fluoride from water. The density of functional groups on the synthesized resin was approximately 33?% higher than on commercialized resins, and the specific surface area of synthesized resin was increased by approximately tenfold compared with commercialized resins. The adsorption capacity of synthesized resins (AMP16-FeCl₃) for anions was 285.8?mg/g, which was approximately three times higher than the capacity of commercialized resin (AMP16-OH). A study of the effects of the types of counterions and functional groups found that resins having hydroxide ion as a counterion showed higher capacity and selectivity for phosphate ion and that dimethylethanolamine as a resin functional group of resin was more efficient than trimethylamine.     

Evolution of soil chemical properties in the past 50 years in the Tai Lake Region, China

The Tai Lake Region (TLR) is traditionally an ecologically sustainable agricultural area due to the intensive application of traditional organic fertilizer. However in the past 50 years, agricultural management practices such as fertilizer usage and cropping systems changed this situation. In order to investigate how these changes affected soil chemical properties and ultimately the sustainability of agriculture production, a case study was conducted in Taicang County in the TLR. It was found that soil organic carbon (SOC) content significantly decreased from 22.8 g kg⁻¹ in 1959 to 12.9 g kg⁻¹ in 1981 while soil total nitrogen (TN) increased significantly from 1.2 g kg⁻¹ in 1959 to 1.6 g kg⁻¹ in 1981 due to the application of mineral fertilizer especially N fertilizer nearly entirely replacing of traditional organic fertilizer, and then both slightly increased to 14.0 g kg⁻¹ and 1.7 g kg⁻¹, respectively in 2004. Soil total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and available K (AK) contents showed little changes from 1981 to 2004 but soil available P (AP) content increased significantly from 7 mg kg⁻¹ in 1981 to 26 mg kg⁻¹ in 2004. The changes of soil properties from 1959 to 1981 were attributed to the changes of fertilizer usage and the changes of soil properties from 1981 to 2004 were attributed to the changes of cropping systems and fertilizer application, particularly vegetable production which resulted in the significant changes of fertilizer usage.     

稻田沟渠-湿地系统的碳氮稳定同位素组成特征

由于稳定同位素在特定污染源中具有特定的组成,在污染物质迁移转化过程中作为示踪剂而广泛应用。针对目前农业面源污染较为严重的现状,该文利用碳氮稳定同位素研究了灌区内外源物输入对稻田沟渠-湿地系统的贡献。结果表明,水中颗粒性有机物(particulate organic matter,POM)由于受到光照、营养物质不同导致POM在各采样点组成不同,δ13C变化范围较大,均值为-27.8‰,与大型水生植物和浮游植物接近,此类植物可能是POM的主要来源。水中δ13CDIC(dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)与浮游植物呈线性相关,浮游动物δ13C与浮游植物存在一定相关性,而浮游植物与POM之间不存在显著性差异,说明研究区内浮游动物对內源有机碳的利用主要是取食浮游植物低持斜聿愠粱?δ13C值变化范围在-27.2‰～-21.8‰之间,明显高于水体POM含量,说明表层沉积物存在比颗粒有机物更富集碳的藻类与陆源碎屑等物质。各采样点颗粒有机物δ15N值的范围3.1‰～4.2‰,平均值为3.6‰,其中湿地δ15N高于其他采样点。沉积物δ15N平均值为-0.6‰,与大气中N2较为接近。     

Characterization of model melanoidins by the thermal degradation profile

Different types of model melanoidins were thermally degraded, with subsequent identification of the volatiles produced, to obtain and compare the thermal degradation profile of various melanoidins. At first, the volatiles produced from heated glucose/glycine standard melanoidins were compared with glucose/glutamic acid and L-(+)-ascorbic acid/glycine standard melanoidins. In the headspace of heated glucose/glycine melanoidins, mainly furans, were detected, accompanied by carbonyl compounds, pyrroles, pyrazines, pyridines, and some oxazoles. Heating of L-(+)-ascorbic acid/glycine melanoidins resulted in relatively more N-heterocycles, while from glucose/glutamic acid melanoidins no N-heterocycles were formed. In a second part, a chemical treatment was applied to glucose/glycine melanoidins prior to the thermal degradation. Acid hydrolysis was performed to cleave glycosidically linked sugar moieties from the melanoidin skeleton. Nonsoluble glucose/glycine melanoidins were also subjected to an oxidation. The results indicate that the thermal degradation profile is a useful tool in the characterization of different types of melanoidins.     

黄土高原典型区沟谷分布谐波分析

为了研究黄土高原地形起伏的周期性,从而探索支沟沟谷分布规律,为黄土高原的土壤侵蚀评估提出新的思路。该文以甘肃西峰、山西吉县、陕西安塞、宁夏固原为研究区尝试利用谐波分析和周期图分析的方法研究黄土高原不同类型区沟谷分布规律。结果表明,黄土高原不同类型区主沟沟谷的周期大小有明显不同,总体来看,高原沟壑区>过度地区>丘陵沟壑区;黄土高原支沟周期主要分布在400～800m,其周期个数占总周期数的97.5%。对4个研究区的支沟沟谷周期数据进行t检验,结果表明甘肃西峰、陕西安塞、山西吉县相互之间周期均值差异均无显著性(P>0.05);宁夏固原与陕西安塞、山西吉县、甘肃西峰侵蚀支沟分布周期均值双尾检验概率P值均小于0.01,故可认为均值差异极显著。提取不同类型区大于5°坡度的平均坡度分析发现,研究区平均坡度的大小关系为:甘肃西峰>山西吉县>陕西安塞>宁夏固原,支沟沟谷的平均分布周期随平均坡度的增加而不断减小,说明区域平均坡度的大小直接影响着黄土高原支沟的形成。     

人工降雨条件下秸秆覆盖及留茬的水土保持效应

通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了秸秆覆盖及留茬的水土保持效应。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和留茬均可延缓径流产生,其中5 000和3 000 kg/hm2秸秆覆盖分别能使初始产流时间延后427%和19%,而30 cm高留茬及15 cm低留茬覆盖则可分别延后初始产流时间107%和76%。5 000 kg/hm2覆盖量下累积径流量较对照减少了61.72%,土壤侵蚀量减少了86.7%;3 000 kg/hm2覆盖量下累积径流量减少了6.26%,土壤侵蚀量减少了60.1%,实施覆盖能够有效抑制水土流失,且以高覆盖量的作用效果更为显著。30 cm高留茬的土壤侵蚀量较对照减少了62.9%,15 cm低留茬覆盖减少25.6%,留茬能够有效防止土壤侵蚀,但对径流量无明显影响。     

Removal of Formic Acid from Wastewater using Three-Phase Three-Dimensional Electrode Reactor

A new electrochemical reactor, three-phase three-dimensional electrode reactor, was designed and used to investigate theremoval of formic acid from simulated wastewater. The experimental results were assessed in term of Chemical OxygenDemand (COD) removal efficiency. The results showed that the three-phase three-dimensional electrodes could effectively removeformic acid. Its COD removal efficiency was much higher than those of two-dimensional electrodes and common three-dimensionalelectrodes, respectively. The COD removal efficiency of the three-phase three-dimensional electrodes using air as a spargegas increased 13.5% relative to that using nitrogen as a spargegas. The observation indicated that the sparged air in the three-phase three-dimensional electrodes not only participated insome physical processes but also played an important role in electrochemical reactions to assist COD removal.     

瓜类嫁接机上苗定位夹持装置的设计

设计了一种新型嫁接机上苗定位夹持装置,可实现嫁接苗的定位、断根和夹取功能。新型上苗定位装置由滑块摇杆收拢机构和夹取断根机构两个部分构成,针对幼苗定位连杆末端需形成包络轨迹将嫁接苗包住的农艺要求,进行机构的数学建模和仿真优化,得到了最佳的结构参数。以“拿铁砧”葫芦苗为对象取苗进行试验,其定位夹持的成功率达93%以上,符合自动嫁接需求。     

手持式电动绿篱修剪机的研究与设计

通过对目前市场上绿篱修剪机结构和使用特点的详细分析,设计了一种用220V照明电为电源、手提砂轮机作为主机,用专门制作的切割器替换砂轮片实现快速修剪成形的手持式电动绿篱修剪机。试验表明,该修剪机有很好的实用价值和推广前景。