Spatial distribution and source apportionment of the heavy metals in the agricultural soil in a regional scale

Purpose

Understanding the spatial distribution and sources of soil heavy metals (HMs) in a large city helps prevent and control soil pollution. This study aimed to investigate the spatial patterns of soil HMs and identify their main sources in a regional scale.

Materials and methods

A total of 110 topsoil samples were collected from Tai’an City, China. Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in each soil sample were determined. Geostatistics, geographic information system (GIS), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were used to explore the spatial distribution of seven soil HMs and to reveal the main sources of soil HMs in Tai’an City, respectively.

Results and discussion

Soil Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn generally showed slight pollution levels in the study area. However, soil Hg and Cu contents reached moderate to heavy pollution levels in some areas. Soil Hg content increased from north to south across the city, and the highest Hg concentration was detected in Ningyang County. Soil Cd, Cu, and Zn distributions exhibited a similar pattern, and their contents increased from west to east; the highest Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations were found in Xintai County. The highest soil Ni concentration was obtained in the northeast of Feicheng and Xintai counties. PMF analysis revealed the following four potential sources of agricultural soil HMs in Tai’an City: industrial and mining activities, agricultural activities, residential living activities, and business activities. Soil Hg mainly originated from residential living activities, which accounted for 75.3% of the total source. The main sources of soil Ni were residential living activities, agricultural activities, and industrial and mining activities, which account for 38.2, 27.50, and 25.1% of the total source, respectively. Soil Cu was mainly produced by agricultural activities (36.6%), followed by residential living activities (29.8%) and industrial and mining activities (25.8%).

Conclusions

PMF combined with GIS could be effectively applied to determine the main sources of HMs in agricultural soils in a regional scale.

     

Improved growth and Cu tolerance of Cu excess-stressed white clover after inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices, on growth and copper (Cu) tolerance of white clover (Trifolium repens) were investigated in soils with different Cu amounts. The AM inoculation increased plant biomass and the total or bound Cu concentrations in shoots and roots but decreased the total Cu in soils and the exchangeable Cu in shoots, roots and soils at all Cu levels. Mycorrhizal plants had higher levels of root phosphorus and shoot zinc (Zn) at lower Cu levels and more nitrogen and Zn in roots and potassium, calcium and magnesium in shoots and roots at all Cu addition levels. Additionally, AM inoculation enhanced urease, acid phosphatase and catalase activities in rhizosphere soils and mycorrhizal roots showed higher levels of peroxidase, catalase, proline and soluble sugar at all Cu addition levels. These results indicate that mycorrhizal white clover is potentially suitable for Cu phytoremediation based on greenhouse studies.     

稻秆碳氮在黑土种稻土壤颗粒有机质中的分配特征

颗粒有机质是土壤活性有机质的重要组成部分,是评估土壤有机质变化的敏感指标。东北地区气候寒冷,稻田土壤淹水期短,非淹水期长且多处于冻结状态,水稻秸秆碳氮在黑土不同种稻年限土壤颗粒有机质中的分配如何尚不清楚。通过室内培养试验,将1%双标记(¹³C/¹⁵N)水稻秸秆添加到不同种稻年限(0、12、35、62和85 a)土壤,淹水培养150 d(培养温度20℃,淹水层1 cm),去除淹水层后冻结培养150 d(培养温度–15℃,饱和水分状态),研究水稻秸秆碳(氮)在不同种稻年限土壤颗粒有机碳(Particulate organic carbon,POC)和颗粒有机氮(Particulate organic nitrogen,PON)中的分配特征。结果表明,在培养过程中,未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理,各年限稻田土壤POC和PON含量均低于对照土壤(0 a),添加秸秆处理的各年限土壤POC和PON含量在淹水培养5 d时明显增加,但其后并未表现出一致的增加趋势。秸秆碳(氮)对各年限土壤POC(PON)的相对贡献率为0.2%～13.9%(0.4%～3.8%),分配...     

Foliar Nitrogen Uptake from Wet Deposition and the Relation with Leaf Wettability and Water Storage Capacity

This study assessed the foliar uptake of ¹⁵N-labelled nitrogen (N) originating from wet deposition along with leaf surface conditions, measured by wettability and water storage capacity. Foliar ¹⁵N uptake was measured on saplings of silver birch, European beech, pedunculate oak and Scots pine and the effect of nitrogen form (NH ₄ ⁺ or NO ₃ ^? ), NH ₄ ⁺ to NO ₃ ^? ratio and leaf phenology on this N uptake was assessed. Next to this, leaf wettability and water storage capacity were determined for each tree species and phenological stage, and the relationship with ¹⁵NH ₄ ⁺ and ¹⁵NO ₃ ^? uptake was examined. Uptake rates were on average five times higher (p?<?0.05) for NH ₄ ⁺ than for NO ₃ ^? and four times higher for deciduous species than for Scots pine. Developing leaves showed lower uptake than fully developed and senescent leaves, but this effect was tree species dependent. The applied NH ₄ ⁺ to NO ₃ ^? ratio did only affect the amount of N uptake by senescent leaves. The negative correlation between measured leaf contact angles and foliar N uptake demonstrates that the observed effects of tree species and phenological stage are related to differences in leaf wettability and not to water storage capacity.     

建设农业工程系统“信息高速公路”的探讨

根据我国目前农业工程信息基础设施现状和农业工程学科专业面广、信息量大的特点,提出建设农业工程系统“信息高速公路”的必要性和紧迫性。并进一步探讨了建设农业工程系统“信息高速公路”的指导思想和应注意的问题。最后提出了全国农业工程系统信息网络的设计原则及网络总体构成图。     

陕西省农业气象业务服务系统

介绍了陕西省农业气象业服务系统的总体设计，系统特点及各系统主要功能，该系统具有信息采集，信息集成管理，信息加工处理，信息集成服务等功能，是集农业气象，遥感，服务于一体的业务服务平台。     

浅谈观赏草在园林造景中的应用

观赏草是近年来兴起的新型植物材料,在园林景观创造中具有独特作用。其种类繁多,养护管理较为简易,可应用于水体驳岸、坡面绿化、花坛、花境等多种园林环境,营造出质朴自然的景观氛围。本文讨论了观赏草的常见种类、种植养护技术、景观应用及引种栽培中应注意的若干问题等内容。     

低温和维生素E对育成期笼养蛋鸭生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验选用健康的13周龄金定母鸭144只,采用2×3两因素有重复试验设计,研究低温及维生素E(VE)对育成期(13～18周龄)笼养蛋鸭生产性能及生化指标的影响。研究结果表明,①低温使日采食量和饲料转化率显著升高,日增重显著降低(P<0.05)。VE水平对日采食量影响不显著(P>0.05),但是显著提高了日增重(P<0.05),使饲料转化率显著降低(P<0.05)。②低温对总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)影响不显著(P>0.05),但添加VE使TP浓度显著提高(P<0.05);低温有使尿酸(URIC)、尿素氮(BUN)升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),VE水平的提高使BUN浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。③低温使肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);VE水平提高显著降低谷丙转氨酶活性(P<0.05),对其它酶活性的影响不显著,但有降低趋势(P>0.05)。④低温对T3、T4影响不显著(P>0.05),但有使T3升高的趋势;VE水平提高使T3显著降低(P<0.05)。低温使孕酮(P)浓度显著降低(P<0.05),VE水平的提高使孕酮浓度显著上升(P<0.05)。     

不同地理分布区的紫椴形态结构

对不同地理分布区(辽宁凤凰山、吉林长白山、黑龙江宁安、勃利、带岭、新青林业局、胜山自然保护区、内蒙古大杨树林业局)紫椴的宏观形态结构进行了比较分析,结果表明:无论是不同纬度还是不同海拔,紫椴的形态结构数值变化均具有一定的规律;除有花数目与纬度和海拔、叶片宽与海拔不相关外,紫椴的其它形态结构与纬度和海拔之间具有显著的相关性,且多为负相关;紫椴的枝叶、苞片和花序形态结构在纬度和海拔梯度上的变化是不连续的,与遗传距离不相关,说明其形态结构的变化主要是由于环境压力造成的;果和种子的形态结构完全按纬度和海拔距离而聚类,在纬度和海拔梯度上是连续的,说明其主要受遗传因素所影响。     

氮钾肥配施对藤三七叶片产量及品质的影响

在塑料大棚栽培条件下,研究了氮、钾肥配施对藤三七叶片产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮、钾肥配施能显著促进藤三七的生长发育,提高叶片产量,改善叶片品质。在适量范围内随着氮、钾肥施用量的增加,叶片鲜产量、可溶性蛋白质、还原糖、Vc的含量明显提高。当施氮量达到7.75 kg/100m2以上时,产量和品质呈下降趋势,叶片的硝酸盐含量与氮肥施量呈正相关。在不同氮素水平下,配施钾肥可提高叶片可溶性蛋白、还原性糖、Vc的含量,并能显著降低硝酸盐的含量。本试验条件下,菜用藤三七优质、高产的氮、钾肥最佳配施方案为N 5.75 kg/100m2, K2O 3.90 kg/100m2。