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Murray AG 《Pest management science》2002,58(6):585-594
Sea lice are ectoparasites of salmonids that have been associated with the recent decline in sea trout numbers in north-west Europe. Observed patterns of louse load distribution between sea trout in the seas surrounding the UK, Ireland and Norway and a simple model have been used to analyse the epidemiology of lice. Loads are aggregated and deviate strongly from the Poisson distribution, although less than is observed with many other parasites. The louse numbers on fish from offshore sites are slightly less variable than for fish from coastal sites with comparable mean loads. Analysis of louse development stages and sexes shows that selection between hosts by sea lice plays a limited role. If host selection is absent, then associated poor condition would be caused by, not the cause of, high louse burdens; however the absence of such selection is not proved. Scenarios with infection that is patchy in space and time best generate the aggregated load patterns observed; these patches accord with observed swarms of copepodids. Prevalence patterns may indicate the movement of trout between environments. Control of copepodids in infection 'hot spots', either directly or through control of louse egg production in their catchment, may reduce louse loads on wild sea trout and, in particular, extreme and damaging loads. 相似文献
64.
Jessica D Lightsey Sentiel A Rommel Alexander M Costidis Thomas D Pitchford 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2006,37(3):262-275
Between 1993 and 2003, 713 (24%) of 2,940 dead Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) recovered from Florida waters and examined were killed by watercraft-induced trauma. It was determined that this mortality was the result of watercraft trauma because the external wound patterns and the internal lesions seen during gross necropsy are recognizable and diagnostic. This study documents the methods used in determining watercraft-related mortality during gross necropsy and explains why these findings are diagnostic. Watercraft can inflict sharp- and blunt-force trauma to manatees, and both types of trauma can lead to mortality. This mortality may be a direct result of the sharp and blunt forces or from the chronic effects resulting from either force. In cases in which death is caused by a chronic wound-related complication, the original incident is usually considered to be the cause of death. Once a cause of death is determined, it is recorded in an extensive database and is used by Federal and state managers in developing strategies for the conservation of the manatee. Common sequelae to watercraft-induced trauma include skin lesions, torn muscles, fractured and luxated bones, lacerated internal organs, hemothorax, pneumothorax, pyothorax, hydrothorax, abdominal hemorrhage and ascites, and pyoperitoneum. 相似文献
65.
Ariena H. C. van Bruggen Alexander M. Semenov Anne D. van Diepeningen Oscar J. de Vos Wim J. Blok 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,115(1):105-122
A healthy soil is often defined as a stable soil system with high levels of biological diversity and activity, internal nutrient
cycling, and resilience to disturbance. This implies that microbial fluctuations after a disturbance would dampen more quickly
in a healthy than in a chronically damaged and biologically impoverished soil. Soil could be disturbed by various processes,
for example addition of a nutrient source, tillage, or drying-rewetting. As a result of any disturbance, the numbers of heterotrophic
bacteria and of individual species start to oscillate, both in time and space. The oscillations appear as moving waves along
the path of a moving nutrient source such as a root tip. The phase and period for different trophic groups and species of
bacteria may be shifted indicating that succession occurs. DGGE, Biolog and FAME analysis of subsequent populations in oscillation
have confirmed that there is a cyclic succession in microbial communities. Microbial diversity oscillates in opposite direction
from oscillations in microbial populations. In a healthy soil, the amplitudes of these oscillations will be small, but the
background levels of microbial diversity and activity are high, so that soil-borne diseases will face more competitors and
antagonists. However, soil-borne pathogens and antagonists alike will fluctuate in time and space as a result of growing plant
roots and other disturbances, and the periods and phases of the oscillations may vary. As a consequence, biological control
by members of a single trophic group or species may never be complete, as pathogens will encounter varying populations of
the biocontrol agent on the root surface. A mixture of different trophic groups may provide more complete biological control
because peaks of different trophic groups occur at subsequent locations along a root. Alternatively, regular addition of soil
organic matter may increase background levels of microbial activity, increase nutrient cycling, lower the concentrations of
easily available nutrient sources, increase microbial diversity, and enhance natural disease suppression. 相似文献
66.
Background
The pH is an important parameter controlling many metabolic and signalling pathways in living cells. Recombinant fluorescent pH indicators (pHluorins) have come into vogue for monitoring cellular pH. They are derived from the most popular Aequorea victoria GFP (Av-GFP). Here, we present a novel fluorescent pH reporter protein from the orange seapen Ptilosarcus gurneyi (Pt-GFP) and compare its properties with pHluorins for expression and use in plants. 相似文献67.
Wolfgang R Engelsberger Alexander Erban Joachim Kopka Waltraud X Schulze 《Plant methods》2006,2(1):14-11
Strategies for robust quantitative comparison between different biological samples are of high importance in experiments that
address biological questions beyond the establishment of protein lists. Here, we propose the use of 15N-KNO3 as the only nitrogen source in Arabidopsis cell cultures in order to achieve a metabolically fully labeled cell population.
Proteins from such metabolically labeled culture are distinguishable from unlabeled protein populations by a characteristic
mass shift that depends on the amino acid composition of the tryptic peptide analyzed. In addition, the metabolically labeled
cell extracts are also suitable for comparative quantitative analysis of nitrogen-containing cellular metabolic complement.
Protein extracts from unlabeled and from standardized 15N-labeled cells were combined into one sample for joined analytical processing. This has the advantage of (i) reduced experimental
variability and (ii) immediate relative quantitation at the level of single extracted peptide and metabolite spectra. Together
ease and accuracy of relative quantitation for profiling experiments is substantially improved. The metabolic labeling strategy
has been validated by mixtures of protein extracts and metabolite extracts from the same cell cultures in known ratios of
labeled to unlabeled extracts (1:1, 1:4, and 4:1). We conclude that saturating metabolic 15N-labeling provides a robust and affordable integrative strategy to answer questions in quantitative proteomics and nitrogen
focused metabolomics. 相似文献
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