Weitere Fälle von Massenauftreten der FliegeChloropisca notata flavifrons Macq. (Chloropidae) und nahe verwandter Arten

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Über Maskierung von Bettwanzen

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Beitrag zur zeitgenössischen Geschichte der angewandten Entomologie

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Resistance to powdery mildew in one Spanish barley landrace hardly resembles other previously identified wild barley resistances

Two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) were previously identified on chromosome 7H of the Spanish barley line SBCC097. The two QTLs seemed to share the same chromosomal position as the major genes mlt and Mlf, which were formerly described in Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum-derived lines. In the present work, different lines that carry mlt (RS42-6*O), Mlf (RS137-28*E), or a combination of both (SI-4 and SI-6) were compared with SBCC097 to evaluate their relatedness at the phenotypic, cellular, and genetic levels. The resistance of the lines was characterised by inoculating them with a set of 27 isolates of B. graminis, which displayed a wide range of virulence. It was revealed that SBCC097 possessed a distinctive resistance spectrum. Microscopic assessment of the cytological development of the resistance response showed that SBCC097 clearly formed fewer well-established colonies and secondary hyphae than the other lines. This was confirmed by the infection type recorded after visual inspection. Genetic analyses of all five lines, based on markers flanking the QTLs derived from SBCC097, supported the macroscopic and microscopic data and pointed to the presence of a combination of novel genes or alleles in SBCC097, which may be included in the category of “intermediate-acting” genes, governing resistance mainly at the post-penetration stage.     

Determining leaf stomatal properties in citrus trees utilizing machine vision and artificial intelligence

Precision Agriculture - Identifying and quantifying the number and size of stomata on leaf surfaces is useful for a wide range of plant ecophysiological studies, specifically those related to...     

Effects of ecological compensation meadows on arthropod diversity in adjacent intensively managed grassland

An important goal of ecological compensation areas (ECAs) is to increase biodiversity in adjacent intensively managed farmland and the agricultural landscape at large. We tested whether this goal can be achieved in the case of the agri-environmental restoration scheme implemented for Swiss grassland using five large arthropod taxa (bees, true bugs, orthopterans, ground beetles and spiders) representing different ecological and functional groups. The species richness and abundance of all groups and species, respectively, was measured along 100 m transects from ECA-meadows into the adjacent intensively managed grassland at 24 sites. Species richness of all arthropod taxa except ground beetles, and the abundance of 63% of the 234 arthropod species sampled with at least five individuals were higher in ECA-meadows than in their surroundings, while the total abundance of spiders and ground beetles was higher in intensively managed meadows. The abundance of 8% of these species were only increased in the ECA-meadows themselves (“stenotopic” species) but 40% had increased abundance both in the ECA-meadows and the adjacent grassland, declining exponentially with increasing distance from ECA-meadows (“edge species”). The 90%-decay distances for these edge species differed among taxonomic groups (117 ± 18 m for true bugs, 137 ± 24 m for spiders, 152 ± 34 m for bees, 167 ± 5.7 m for orthopterans, 185 ± 34 m for ground beetles; mean ±1 standard error) and independent of taxonomic group were larger for large-sized or predacious species than for small-sized or phytophagous species. Because the average distance between neighbouring ECA-meadows in Swiss grassland is only 73 ± 4 m, the current agri-environment scheme very likely enhances arthropod diversity and possibly associated ecosystem services in the Swiss agricultural landscape at large.     

Canine cystine urolithiasis: A review of 1760 submissions over 35 years (1979–2013)

This study reports a retrospective evaluation of epidemiological data from cystine stones of dogs submitted to the Urinary Stone Analysis Center Bonn, Germany, over a period of 35 years. Of the 20 316 uroliths submitted from 1979 to 2013, 1760 were cystine stones. In total, 109 breeds were affected with 16 breeds having an odds ratio > 1.0. Most of the cystine uroliths were retrieved from male dogs, with only 19 female dogs (1.1%) being affected. Percentage of submitted cystine stones amongst all stones decreased significantly over 35 years from 38.9% to 4.4%.     

Enzymatic production and characterization of konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides

Enzymes from a balanced human gut flora are promising tools to design prebiotic oligosaccharides. In this study, we investigated the action of enzymes from fecal bacteria on the complex polysaccharide konjac glucomannan (KGM). The oligosaccharides produced were compared to oligosaccharides from KGM digests with fungal endo-β-(1,4)-glucanase (EG) or endo-β-(1,4)-mannanase (EM). For this purpose, the oligosaccharides from the different digests were first studied for their structural characteristics like monosugar composition and exo-enzymatic degradability, as monitored by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Whereas the oligosaccharides produced by EG and EM were characteristic for the selectivity of the respective enzyme in cleaving the mannose-/glucose-sugar linkages of KGM, oligosaccharides produced by the fecal enzymes did not point to a sugar-selective degradation. The oligosaccharide fragments from the different digests indicated the KGM polysaccharide to be composed of a backbone composed of short mannose and glucose sequences, to which branches rich in mannose are attached.     

Effect of Buscopan compositum on the motility of the duodenum, cecum and left ventral colon in healthy conscious horses

Seven adult, healthy, conscious warmblood horses were used in a crossover study. They were fed twice a day on 1 kg hay/100 kg BW and 0.5 kg concentrates with unlimited access to water. One hour after feeding, the contractive motility of the descending duodenum, cecal body and left ventral colon were measured using a 5 MHz transcutaneus ultrasonographic transducer. Each horse was treated with 0.9% NaCl (5 ml/100 kg BW; i.v.), and with Buscopan compositum (BC) at its therapeutic dosage (25 mg/kg BW; metamizol-sodium, 0.2 mg/kg BW; N-butylscopolammonium bromide, i.v.) in a control and an experimental trial respectively. The contractive motility was counted in a 3-min period immediately and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after application in both trials. There was an immediate, rapid and significant (p < 0.05) reduction of duodenal, cecal and left ventral colon contractions after BC administration. Cecal and left ventral colon contractions rapidly restored their normal contractions after 30 min, while duodenal contractions returned to the normal rate after 120 min of BC administration. It was concluded that Buscopan compositum at its therapeutic dosage has an immediate, potent, short-lived reductive effect on cecum and left ventral colon contractions but a minor, longer effect on the duodenal contractions. Therefore, it is recommended for treatment of spasmodic colic as well as spasms resulting from acute simple impaction in horses but it is not recommended for repeated short-interval administration.     

The first report on natural Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. infections in wild East-European House Mice (Mus musculus musculus) and West-European House Mice (M. m. domesticus) in a hybrid zone across the Czech Republic-Germany border

To determine the occurrence of potentially human pathogenic microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp.) in wild mice, we examined 289 East-European House Mice (Mus musculus musculus) and West-European House Mice (M. m. domesticus) trapped at 74 localities in an area across the Czech-German border. Microsporidia were detected at 33 localities, in 34% of M. m. musculus and 33% of M. m. domesticus examined specimens. Single-species infection was detected in 23 mice for E. hellem, 42 mice for E. cuniculi and 25 mice for E. bieneusi. No Encephalitozoon intestinalis positive animals were identified. Moreover, co-infections were detected in 6 animals; E. bieneusi co-existed with E. cuniculi or E. hellem in 3 mice. The natural infection of E. hellem has never been recorded in mice before. No differences were found by a statistical analysis of microsporidia occurrence between the House Mouse subspecies. Although the gender-dependent infestation of microsporidia was statistically supported in M. m. musculus, no significant differences were observed when the occurrence of microsporidia was estimated for all males and females irrespective of the House Mouse subspecies. The results of this report document the low host specificity of detected microsporidia species and imply the importance of synanthropic rodents as a potential source of human microsporidial infection.