北疆高产棉花养分吸收特性的研究

本文以新陆早４号为材料，研究了北疆高产棉花群体（１８００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２）条件下棉株Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５、Ｋ２Ｏ养分的吸收特性。结果表明，棉花茎枝、叶片、花蕾、铃壳、子棉中的Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５的含量随生育进程呈下降趋势；Ｋ２Ｏ含量在铃壳中呈上升趋势，在其它器官中呈下降趋势。棉株对Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５、Ｋ２Ｏ的吸收均呈Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线变化，养分吸收的快增期出现在出苗后５８～９７ｄ，此期吸收了约养分总量的６０％，是需肥最大的时期。棉株对养分的吸收分配中心与干物质积累分配中心一致。在本试验中，公顷产１８００～１９００ｋｇ皮棉从土壤中吸收Ｎ为２４５．０～２７０．１ｋｇ，Ｐ２Ｏ５为７２．４～７５．５ｋｇ，Ｋ２Ｏ为２６９．５～２７１．９ｋｇ。     

植物功能基因组研究主要方法与技术及在大豆上的应用

植物基因组研究已经进入了功能基因组学的新阶段,对基因功能的研究已转向对多基因的高通量、大规模和批量分析,一些新的方法和技术相继建立。大豆是世界上重要的粮、油、饲兼用作物,功能基因组学研究起步较晚,但发展迅速。本文概述了植物基因功能研究的主要内容与方法如基因序列比对、基因组序列测定和反向遗传学方法等及在大豆研究中的应用;论述了主要技术如表达序列标签(EST)、基因表达连续分析法(SAGE)、cDNA微阵列、Tilling技术、RNA干涉技术(RNAi)等及在大豆研究中的应用。最后介绍了基因组研究相关的数据库。     

Stocktake study of current fertilisation recommendations across Europe and discussion towards a more harmonised approach

The European Commission has set targets for a reduction in nutrient losses by at least 50% and a reduction in fertiliser use by at least 20% by 2030 while ensuring no deterioration in soil fertility. Within the mandate of the European Joint Programme EJP Soil ‘Towards climate-smart sustainable management of agricultural soils’, the objective of this study was to assess current fertilisation practices across Europe and discuss the potential for harmonisation of fertilisation methodologies as a strategy to reduce nutrient loss and overall fertiliser use. A stocktake study of current methods of delivering fertilisation advice took place across 23 European countries. The stocktake was in the form of a questionnaire, comprising 46 questions. Information was gathered on a large range of factors, including soil analysis methods, along with soil, crop and climatic factors taken into consideration within fertilisation calculations. The questionnaire was completed by experts, who are involved in compiling fertilisation recommendations within their country. Substantial differences exist in the content, format and delivery of fertilisation guidelines across Europe. The barriers, constraints and potential benefits of a harmonised approach to fertilisation across Europe are discussed. The general consensus from all participating countries was that harmonisation of fertilisation guidelines should be increased, but it was unclear in what format this could be achieved. Shared learning in the delivery and format of fertilisation guidelines and mechanisms to adhere to environmental legislation were viewed as being beneficial. However, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to harmonise all soil test data and fertilisation methodologies at EU level due to diverse soil types and agro-ecosystem influences. Nevertheless, increased future collaboration, especially between neighbouring countries within the same environmental zone, was seen as potentially very beneficial. This study is unique in providing current detail on fertilisation practices across European countries in a side-by-side comparison. The gathered data can provide a baseline for the development of scientifically based EU policy targets for nutrient loss and soil fertility evaluation.     

开都河流域气候变化特征及其对径流的影响简

采用Mann-Kendall趋势及突变检验、R/S的Hurst指数以及线性回归、滑动平均等方法,分析开都河流域1960-2010年的气温、降水及径流量指标,揭示该流域气候变化及径流响应的特征和长期趋势.结果表明,开都河流域近50年的气温、降水及径流量均呈显著增加趋势,增长率分别为0.027℃/a、0.863 mm/a和0.625 m3/a,其相应的突变年份分别为1993、1986和1996年.流域内山区既是气温增温最大的地区,也是降水增加最显著的地区.在气候变暖背景下,山区年均温及春、夏、秋3季升温比绿洲区的响应更为显著,但在绿洲区冬季升温则更为显著;山区降水量增加趋势较绿洲区显著.在过去50年,开都河径流突变前后多年平均径流量增加了9.96亿m3,对该流域工农业发展、生活以及生态可持续发展产生了很大的影响.     

HCO3−和灌溉方式对水稻铁吸收和利用的交互影响

【目的】膜下滴灌水稻是一项兼顾高产和节水潜力的水稻栽培技术。然而，在石灰性土壤上膜下滴灌水稻经常表现出缺铁(Fe)黄化症状。前期研究发现，在滴灌条件下HCO₃⁻对水稻Fe吸收的抑制强度弱于淹灌，但内在机制并不清楚。本文主要探讨HCO₃⁻对两种灌溉型水稻土壤DTPA-Fe浓度、水稻木质部伤流液pH值、Fe吸收和利用的影响。【方法】在两种灌溉水稻[淹灌(FI)和覆膜滴灌(DI-PFM)]处理下设四种灌溉水HCO₃⁻浓度处理(0，2，10和40 mmol/L HCO₃⁻，分别表示为BC-0，BC-2，BC-10和BC-40)。【结果】DI-PFM土壤DTPA-Fe含量显著低于FI。随着HCO₃⁻浓度增加，土壤pH增加，而土壤DTPA-Fe浓度呈降低趋势。水稻木质部伤流液pH值随灌溉水中HCO₃⁻浓度的增加而增加，FI处理水稻木质部汁液pH值显著高于DI-PFM。水稻叶片和根系质外体铁浓度均随HCO₃⁻浓度的上升表现为先减少后增加的趋势，在BC-40处理下最高。两种灌溉型水稻叶片活性铁浓度、共质体铁浓度、水稻生物量和全铁积累量均随HCO₃⁻浓度的上升而降低，但DI-PFM处理下这些参数的降幅小于FI。水稻根系和叶片中共质体Fe与质外体Fe浓度比值随HCO₃⁻浓度的增加而降低，FI处理水稻根系和叶片中共质体Fe与质外体Fe浓度比值大于DI-PFM。【结论】HCO₃⁻引起水稻木质部伤流液pH升高影响水稻铁吸收和利用，但HCO₃⁻并不是造成滴灌水稻缺铁的主要因子。石灰性土壤上滴灌水稻缺铁的主要原因可能仍是因为土壤铁有效性低引起的。     

叶面喷施烯效唑和硼对塔额盆地甜菜产量和含糖率的影响

旨在为塔额盆地甜菜生产提质增效提供新途径。在塔额盆地滴灌施肥条件下,以甜菜‘Beta 468’为试验材料开展田间喷施试验,设置4个喷施处理(CK、Un、B、Un+B),喷施处理后测定甜菜生长情况、干物质积累、体内碳氮代谢酶活性及产量和含糖率。叶面喷施烯效唑、硼及烯效唑和复配与CK相比,根长分别增加了7.38%、14.76%和19.68%,总干物质积累增加了10.98%、13.32%和17.60%。块根硝酸还原酶活性提高了12.5%、37.64%和54.07%,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性提高了37.73%、60.24%和69.31%,蔗糖合成酶活性提高了32.95%、45.43%和21.22%,转化酶活性提高了26.87%、35.79%和33.20%。产量较CK分别增加了10.77%、2.85%和9.97%,含糖率增加了0.47%、0.55%和0.79%,产糖量增加了13.93%、6.21%和15.31%。叶丛期喷施烯效唑和硼复配可促进植株生长、提高甜菜产量和含糖率。