Context
The results of individual studies investigating the efficacy of chilling and other processing interventions on Salmonella prevalence or concentration in broiler chicken carcasses are inconsistent or contradictory.Objective
Determine efficacy of chilling on reducing Salmonella prevalence or concentration on broiler carcasses using systematic review-meta-analysis, and explore sources of heterogeneity among studies investigating various processing interventions through meta-regression.Data sources
A comprehensive search included electronic search in six databases, manual search of reference lists of topic-related articles, and consultation with five topic experts to assure that all relevant intervention research was identified.Study inclusion
Primary intervention research, published in English, encompassing control, challenge, cohort, or before-and-after study designs investigating the efficacy of any chilling or other processing interventions on Salmonella prevalence or concentration in broiler chicken carcasses.Risk of bias assessment and data extraction
Data pertaining to study methodology and reported results, chilling or other processing intervention parameters, populations sampled and outcomes measured were assessed for methodological soundness and extracted by two independent reviewers using pretested checklists.Results
Random-effects meta-analyses of immersion chilling with chlorine (n = 9 trials), acetic acid (n = 16) and potable water (n = 13) trended towards reductions in the odds or log10 CFU/ml of Salmonella. Significant heterogeneity (P-value ≤ 0.1 and I2 > 25%) precluded the reporting of pooled summary effect estimates. Meta-regression of all processing interventions indicated that serotype, disinfectant type and treatment time and pH were significantly associated with studies reporting reductions in concentration while study design, population sampled, study setting, publication date, intervention and disinfectant type, and treatment pH were significantly associated with studies reporting reductions in prevalence. Methodological and reporting flaws were consistently observed in relevant intervention research as well as a lack of studies conducted under commercial conditions and using Salmonella concentration outcomes.Conclusions
Chilling may be effective at reducing Salmonella concentration and prevalence, but significant heterogeneity precluded reporting of pooled summary effect estimates for many chilling interventions. Investigations into potential sources of heterogeneity among all processing interventions found that the use of other chemical disinfectants, such as organic acids and surfactants might result in larger reductions in Salmonella contamination than more commonly utilized oxidizing agents like chlorine. 相似文献Water resources are increasingly scarce, and in drought prone production systems, the capability of the plant to recover its adverse effects is important for yield stability. There is an urgent need to develop water-saving strategies for wheat production. Water stress at critical growth stages diminishes wheat production and has harmful effects on crop growth and development; however, regulated water deficit and potassium foliar application ameliorates its adverse effect up to a certain extent. Consequently, the water deficit effect at different growth stages of the crop with exogenous application of potassium was evaluated in a screenhouse experiment in a complete randomized design (CRD) having four repeats. Varieties of wheat, i.e. Lalma (drought resistant) and Pakhtunkhwa-2015 (drought susceptible), were sown. Water deficit, i.e. mild water stress (50% of water required for field capacity) and severe stress (no application of water), at different growth stages of the crop were imposed. Potassium (K) foliar spray (1%) from potassium sulfate (K2SO4) was applied at the respective stage subjected to water deficit levels. Internal water status, i.e. relative water content (RWC) and water retention capacity (WRC), were attained maximum at tillering stage under mild stress than the rest of the stages with maximum for Lalma. Conversely, water saturation deficit (WSD) and water uptake capacity (WUC) were higher under severe stress imposed at grain filling stage. Theses indices were maintained by foliar potassium application. Similarly, dry matter (DM) allocation varied for stress level imposition and translocation to other parts were improved under foliar K application. The chlorophyll indices, i.e., soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, also decreased with the severity of water deficit. Grain yield was higher under stress imposition at grain filling stage than the rest of the stages, though severe water stress decreased yield significantly. The Potassium (K) foliar spray showed no prominent effect at grain filling. Canopy temperature increased with stress severity and was maintained under K foliar spray. Osmotic adjustment, water and turgor potential were affected by water stress and maintained with foliar K spray. Grain quality and biochemical traits of wheat were affected severely under water deficit. Potassium foliar spray was found to decrease the adverse effect of the water stress and hence maintained the quality and biochemical characters. It is concluded that application of foliar potassium decreases the adverse effects of water stress at any growth stage, minimises the stress indices drastic effect and maintains the internal water balance of the crop at different stages subjected to water deficit.
相似文献- The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), smooth‐coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), and Asian small‐clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) have all been reported previously from the Indian state of Uttarakhand. However, little information is available about their current distribution in a mountainous region that is subject to increasing human‐induced stressors (such as hydropower plants, pollution, sand and boulder mining, destructive fishing techniques, poaching).
- Owing to important roles played by these otters in structuring riverine food webs (particularly taking account of their roles as top carnivores), it is critical that they receive suitable protection in the face of projected temperature rise, change in precipitation patterns, and associated river flows in this Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. This study assesses otter distribution in four rivers of Uttarakhand as a basis for informing future conservation actions.
- Field surveys were conducted (October 2018–January 2019) in reaches of the Kosi, Ramganga, Khoh, and Song rivers, supported by semi‐structured interviews (N = 379) conducted with members of local communities to collect qualitative data on views and perceptions of otter species. In addition, community‐based otter awareness camps were organized for local youths (N = 105), adults (N = 115), and schoolchildren (N = 256 covering 10 schools).
- Habitat suitability maps were created using remote‐sensing data, survey findings, and a geographic information system to provide information about priority reaches of river to be targeted for future conservation efforts.
- This study provides critical interdisciplinary baseline information to guide decision‐makers towards developing a targeted, otter‐specific conservation programme for this important Himalayan biodiversity hotspot.
- The otter conservation education programmes conducted during this study resulted in a proposal to set up a community‐based conservation initiative to monitor and report otter sightings from the area, potentially representing a way forward for achieving simultaneous otter conservation and associated ecosystem benefits for local communities.