热应激期的肉鸡营养

肉鸡营养代谢过程受内在和外在因素的影响，各因素中热应激与肉鸡营养关系最为密切。肉鸡生长的最佳温度为15─21℃，超过28℃便引起明显的热应激反应，热应激不仅使肉鸡生理机能发生变化和紊乱，使采食量下降，还导致饲料能量在体内分配和效率的改变，最终导致肉鸡对各种营养物质需求与能量比率的改变，使生产性能下降。Teeter(1994)报道，热环境中饲养的肉鸡平均增重比适温中的鸡低53％，饲料报酬下降45％，可给养鸡业带来严重损失。近年来，为缓和热应激对肉鸡生长的影响，从禽舍建筑到饲养管理等方面都作了一些研究，本文着重探讨肉鸡…     

A new flavonol from leaves of Eugenia jambolana

Leaves of Eugenia jambolana yielded the new flavonol, myricetin 3-O-(4"-acetyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (1).     

不同高度的矮林作业对银合欢木材生产的影响

引言银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)具有很强的萌芽能力,能够迅速和反复地砍伐提供薪炭材。但在印度,对于矮林作业的薪炭材产量却甚少研究。Pathak等人(1982)在占西对普通银合欢品种在不同季节和不同高度的矮林作业产生的萌条,进行比较试验,发现3月份砍伐比在1月份砍伐产生的萌条要多;他们还注意到砍伐高度距地面15cm产     

Low temperature, but not photoperiod, controls growth cessation and dormancy induction and release in apple and pear

In contrast to most temperate woody species, apple and pear and some other woody species of the Rosaceae family are insensitive to photoperiod, and no alternative environmental seasonal signal is known to control their dormancy. We studied growth and dormancy induction in micropropagated plants of four apple (Malus pumila Mill.) and one pear (Pyrus communis L.) commercial rootstock cultivars in controlled environments. The results confirm that growth cessation and dormancy induction in apple and pear are not influenced by photoperiod, and demonstrate that low temperature (< 12 degrees C) consistently induces both processes, regardless of photoperiodic conditions. Successive stages of the autumn syndrome (growth cessation, formation of bud scales and winter buds, leaf senescence and abscission, and dormancy induction) occurred in response to low temperature. Long days increased internode length at higher temperatures, but had no significant effect on leaf production in any of the cultivars. Chilling at 6 or 9 degrees C for at least 6 weeks (about 1000 h) was required for dormancy release and growth resumption, whereas treatment at 12 degrees C was marginally effective, even after 14 weeks of exposure. We are thus faced with the paradox that the same low temperature conditions that induce dormancy are also required for dormancy release in these species.     

Heat expanded starch-based compositions

A heat expansion process similar to that used for expanded bead polystyrene was used to expand starch-based compositions. Foam beads made by solvent extraction had the appearance of polystyrene beads but did not expand when heated due to an open-cell structure. Nonporous beads, pellets, or particles were made by extrusion or by drying and milling cooked starch slurries. The samples expanded into a low-density foam by heating 190-210 degrees C for more than 20 s at ambient pressures. Formulations containing starch (50-85%), sorbitol (5-15%), glycerol (4-12%), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVAL, 5-15%), and water (10-20%) were studied. The bulk density was negatively correlated to sorbitol, glycerol, and water content. Increasing the EVAL content increased the bulk density, especially at concentrations higher than 15%. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) increased the bulk density more than EVAL. The bulk density was lowest in samples made of wheat and potato starch as compared to corn starch. The expansion temperature for the starch pellets decreased more than 20 degrees C as the moisture content was increased from 10 to 25%. The addition of EVAL in the formulations decreased the equilibrium moisture content of the foam and reduced the water absorption during a 1 h soaking period.     

Carnein, a serine protease from noxious plant weed Ipomoea carnea (morning glory)

A new serine protease from the latex of Ipomoea carnea spp. fistulosa (Morning glory), belonging to the Convolvulaceae family, was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by cation exchange chromatography. The enzyme, named carnein, has a molecular mass of 80.24 kDa (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight) and an isoelectric point of pH 5.6. The pH and temperature optima for proteolytic activity were 6.5 and 65 degrees C, respectively. The extinction coefficient (epsilon2801%) of the enzyme was estimated as 37.12, and the protein molecule consists of 35 tryptophan, 76 tyrosine, and seven cysteine residues. The effect of several inhibitors such as iodoacetic acid, diisopropylfluorophosphate, phenyl-methanesulfonyl fluoride, chymostatin, soybean trypsin inhibitor, HgCl2, 3S-3-(N-{(S)-1-[N-(4-guanidinobutyl)carbamoyl]3-ethylbutyl}carbamoyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid, N-ethyl maleimide, ethylene glycol-bis(alpha-amino ethyl ether)tetraacetic acid, ethylenediamminetetraacetic acid, and o-phenonthroline indicates that carnein belongs to the family of serine proteases. The enzyme is not prone to autolysis even at very low concentrations. The N-terminal sequence of carnein (T-T-H-S-P-E-F-L-G-L-A-E-S-S-G-L-X-P-N-S) exhibited considerable similarity to those of other plant serine proteases; the highest similarity was with alnus AG12, one of the subtilase family endopepetidases.     

Genetic Diversity in Populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Cruciferous Weeds in Central Coastal California

ABSTRACT Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (X. campestris) infects a large number of cruciferous plants, including weeds. California has one of the largest and most diverse populations of wild cruciferous plants in the world. Although considerable information is available on the genetic diversity of X. campestris in commercial crop plants, nothing is known about the diversity in strains infecting weeds. To assess the genetic diversity among strains of X. campestris in weeds in noncultivated and cultivated areas, strains of the pathogen were isolated from populations of cruciferous weeds growing in coastal valley crop-production sites and from remote nonproduction sites along the California central coast. Results of fingerprinting over 68 strains using amplified fragment length polymorphism along with representative strains by sequence analysis showed the presence of seven genotypes. Genotypes A and B were limited to coastal sites; genotypes C, D, and E were from inland cultivated sites; and genotypes F and G were present in both coastal noncultivated and inland cultivated sites. Crop strains were grouped outside any weed strain group and were separated from the weed strains and other pathovars of X. campestris. These results revealed, for the first time, that strains of X. campestris present in noncultivated coastal weed populations generally were unique to a site and genetically distinct from strains present in populations of weeds in crop-production areas located nearby.     

Determination of alpha-amanitin in serum and liver by multistage linear ion trap mass spectrometry

This paper describes a rapid LC-MS/MS/MS method for the analysis of alpha-amanitin in serum and liver. Serum was initially prepared by precipitation of proteins with acetonitrile and subsequent removal of acetonitrile with methylene chloride. Liver was prepared by homogenization with aqueous acetonitrile and subsequent removal of acetonitrile using methylene chloride. For both matrices, the aqueous phase was then extracted using mixed-mode C18/cation exchange SPE cartridges and analyzed on a linear ion trap LC-MS system. Standards were prepared in extracts of control matrix. Seven replicate fortifications of serum at 0.001 mug/g (1 ng/g) of alpha-amanitin gave a mean recovery of 95% with 8.8% CV (relative standard deviation) and a calculated method detection limit of 0.26 ng/g. Seven replicates of control liver fortified at 1 ng/g gave a mean recovery of 98% with 17% CV and a calculated method detection limit of 0.50 ng/g. This is the first report of a positive mass spectrometric identification and quantitation of alpha-amanitin in serum and liver from suspect human and animal intoxications.