Enzyme-mediated solvent extraction of carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta)

Marigold flowers are the most important source of carotenoids for application in the food industry. However, the extraction gives almost 50% losses of the carotenoids depending on conditions for silaging, drying, and solvent extraction. In the past decades, macerating enzymes have been successfully applied to improve the extraction yield of valued compounds from natural products. In this work, an alternative extraction process for carotenoids is proposed, consisting of a simultaneous enzymatic treatment and solvent extraction. The proposed process employs milled fresh flowers directly as raw material, eliminating the inefficient silage and drying operations as well as the generation of hard to deal with aqueous effluents present in traditional processes. The process developed was tested at the 80 L scale, where under optimal conditions a carotenoid recovery yield of 97% was obtained.     

Fluorescence, browning index, and color in infant formulas during storage

Free and total fluorescent compounds, browning index, and color formation were measured in milk-based powdered infant formulas (IF) during 2 years of storage at 20 and 37 degrees C. The excitation spectra from 415 nm emission show three peaks (ex lambda1 = 270 nm, lambda2 = 325/315 nm, lambda3 = 350 nm) and from 347 nm excitation two emission peaks (415 and 520 nm), and no wavelength shifts were observed. Temperature and time of storage exert in general no significant effect on the development of fluorescence emission intensity and browning index. However, an important increase in pentodilysine was recorded-probably because of the iron and ascorbic acid contents of the samples-as well as in browning index in adapted IF. In both IF a color increase (deltaE) throughout storage was observed, this increase being greater in samples stored at 37 degrees C than in those stored at 20 degrees C. The increase in color with time fitted a linear regression model. Color appeared to be an indicator of sufficient sensitivity to measure the effect of temperature or storage time.     

冬播麦区Glu-1和Glu-3位点变异及1B/1R易位与小麦加工品质性状的关系

 贮藏蛋白组成是决定小麦加工品质的重要因素。本文调查了我国冬播麦区251份主栽品种和高代品系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）和1B/1R易位的分布状况，研究了它们与加工品质性状的关系。结果表明，品质较差的HMW-GS N、7+9、2+12和LMW-GS Glu-A3a与Glu-B3j（1B/1R易位）在冬播麦区分布较广，频率分别为39.4%、45.0%、59.8%、37.1%和44.6%。HMW-GS和LMW-GS等位变异对籽粒蛋白质含量影响较小，对SDS沉降值、和面时间与耐揉性的加性和互作效应达1%的显著水平。按位点对加工品质性状的贡献大小，Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-B1>Glu-A3>Glu-A1；就单个亚基而言，Glu-A1位点，1>2*>N；Glu-B1位点，7+8>14+15>7+9；Glu-D1位点，5+10>4+12>2+12；Glu-A3位点，Glu-A3d>Glu-A3a>Glu-A3c>Glu-A3e，Glu-B3位点； Glu-B3d>Glu-B3b>Glu-B3f >Glu-B3j。1B/1R易位对SDS沉降值、和面时间和耐揉性等加工品质性状有显著负面效应。通过选择优质高低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和淘汰1B/1R易位系，将有助于提高我国小麦的面筋质量。     

Evolution of wheat architecture,physiology, and metabolism during domestication and further cultivation: Lessons for crop improvement

In recent decades, genetic advances in yield improvement in the major cereal crops, including wheat, has stagnated or proceeded at a slower rate than is required to meet future global food demand, particularly in the face of climate change. To reverse this situation, and in view of the future climate scenario, there is a need to increase the genetic diversity of wheat to increase its productivity, quality, stability, and adaptation to local agro-environments. The abundant genetic resources and l...     

茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒多克隆抗体的制备及检测应用

以纯化的茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒(Ectropis obliqua nucleopolyhedrovirus,EcobNPV)作为抗原免疫大耳白兔,获得多克隆抗体,Indirect-ELISA效价为1∶51 200;工作浓度分别为EcobNPV 1∶1 600、兔抗血清1∶3 200。用所制备的多克隆抗体对提纯的多角体进行Western-blot分析表明制得的抗体对茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒有良好的特异性。应用于不同来源茶园昆虫多角体病毒分离株的检测,取得了理想的检测效果。     

中国茶树小贯小绿叶蝉研究进展

概述了中国小贯小绿叶蝉[Empoasca(Matsumurasca)onukii Matsuda]的主要生物生态学特征及其防控技术等方面的研究进展,包括确定小贯小绿叶蝉的优势种、生物学特性、种群变化规律、不同茶树品种的适应性以及抗虫应答机制,农业防治、物理机械防治、化学防治和生物防治等,并对今后的研究工作方向展开了讨论。     

天然寄主替代茶叶增殖EgNPV的方法

本研究采用接骨草代替茶叶饲养灰茶尺蠖幼虫,并增殖灰茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒。结果表明,接骨草饲养的灰茶尺蠖生长正常,形成完整的生活史。室内病毒增殖试验表明,用接骨草饲养灰茶尺蠖增殖病毒的适宜时期为3龄幼虫,适宜浓度为5.0×10⁶ PIB·mL^-1,且以灰茶尺蠖第1、2、3和6代增殖病毒效果最佳。毒力回归方程为y=-4.152 3+1.53 x,LC₅₀=5.25×10⁵PIB·mL^-1,接骨草饲养的产毒量略高于茶叶饲养的产毒量。     

木薯对氮、磷、钾、镁、锌、硼的吸收特性及施肥效应

【目的】研究氮、磷、钾、镁、锌、硼肥对木薯养分吸收及生长的影响。【方法】采用田间试验,设最佳施肥处理OPT（N+P+K+Mg+Zn+B）、减氮施肥OPT-N、减磷施肥OPT-P、减钾施肥OPT-K、减镁施肥OPT-Mg、减锌施肥OPT-Zn、减硼施肥OPT-B处理和不施肥处理,测定各处理木薯产量以及块根、茎、叶养分吸收量和养分吸收强度。【结果】OPT处理木薯所吸收的N、P、K、Zn养分主要累积在茎部,Ca、Mg养分主要累积在叶片和茎部,B养分主要累积在叶片部位中。木薯对N、P、K养分的吸收强度呈抛物线状,在块根膨大期前呈逐渐提高,块根膨大后,木薯对N、P、K养分的吸收强度逐渐下降。增施N、P、K、Mg肥,木薯产量分别提高38.01%、13.09%、23.14%和8.99%;增施1 kg N、P2O5、K2O、MgO木薯产量分别增加101、54、22和49 kg;OPT处理产值最高（13217元/ha）。【结论】施肥均可提高木薯的养分吸收量,但K、Za、B肥会抑制Mg的吸收。不同施肥条件对木薯产量有显著的影响。     

引进国际水稻所籼稻品系主成分及聚类分析

【目的】综合比较、评价从国际水稻研究所引进的籼稻资源,旨在更有效利用外引稻种资源。【方法】采用DPS软件对来自国际水稻研究所的118个籼稻资源的主要农艺性状进行主成分分析及聚类分析。【结果】粒型、株高、粒重、粒长、结实和熟期这6个主要因子对变异的累积贡献率达85.1873%。依据主成分向量将118份引进材料聚为3大类型：第1大类群为矮秆、多穗、长粒类型,共34份材料;第2大类群为高秆、迟熟、少蘖、长穗型,共49份材料;第3大类群为半矮秆、早熟、高实、小穗类型,共35份材料。【结论】在利用外引资源时,要利用主成分等信息,抓住主要因子进行聚类,这样能更有效地利用外引资源。     

Lactation curves in captive Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

This study examines milk production and the effect of milk production and sex of calf on body weights and gains of red deer calves and hinds of the Iberian subspecies (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Milk production was assessed in 14 hinds by weighing calves before and after suckling and by adjusting these values to the Gamma function. Gamma estimates of total milk production up to d 105 were similar to the amounts computed directly from double weighing. Hinds showed two types of lactation curve: 1) the standard mammal lactation curve, with an asymmetrical peak at wk 2 to 4 (Type I) and 2) decreasing curves with no peak (Type II). Although there was great interindividual variability, hinds with Type I curves showed a trend to produce more milk than those with Type II. The type of curve did not seem to affect weight variables of the calf or those of the dam. Calves that gained more weight consumed greater amounts of milk (P<.05). Males were heavier than females at birth (P<.05), but males did not differ from females in their weight at 105 d, milk consumption, and gain. Gender did not affect hind weight, but dams of male calves showed a trend to be lighter (P = .063) at d 105 than dams of female calves. Our results suggest that suckling differences found in other studies between male and female calves may not involve differences in milk production, although other rearing costs seem to affect hind weight losses. They also suggest that the curve type may not depend only, as reported, on the nutrition plane.