Hydroxytyrosol 4-beta-D-glucoside,an important phenolic compound in olive fruits and derived products

There is increasing interest in olive polyphenols because of their biological properties as well as their contribution to the color, taste, and shelf life of olive products. However, some of these compounds remain unidentified. It has been shown that hydroxytyrosol 4-beta-D-glucoside (4-beta-D-glucosyl-3-hydroxyphenylethanol) coeluted with hydroxytyrosol [(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol] under reversed phase conditions in the phenolic chromatograms of olive pulp, vegetation water, and pomace of olive oil processing. A method to separate this compound from hydroxytyrosol by HPLC has been developed. The concentration of this glucoside increased in olive pulp with maturation and could be the main phenolic compound in mature olives. In contrast, the presence of this compound was not detected in olive oil by using HPLC-MS. The compound must be considered both in table olives and olive oil processing because of its glucose and hydroxytyrosol contribution to these products.     

富硒芽孢杆菌对赤红壤硒转化及菜心硒吸收累积的影响

【目的】研究不同富硒芽孢杆菌对富硒赤红壤硒形态、价态转化及菜心吸收累积硒的影响,为天然富硒蔬菜生产提供理论参考。【方法】以富硒赤红壤作为供试土壤、菜心作为供试作物,以2株富硒芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus YLB1-6和Bacillus thuringiensis TXB2-5作为供试菌株,采用盆栽试验,以无菌...     

施用硅钙磷肥对酸化蔗地甘蔗生长及土壤肥力的影响

【目的】探讨不同配比硅钙磷肥和有机肥对甘蔗生长及土壤养分等的影响,为改善蔗区土壤酸化状况及提高甘蔗产量和品质提供参考。【方法】选取连作甘蔗的酸化蔗地,设6个处理,即处理A(对照,只施用氮、钾肥)及在处理A基础上配施不同组合硅钙磷肥和有机肥的5个处理,处理B(SiO2450 kg/ha、CaO 300 kg/ha、P2O5225 kg/ha)、处理C(SiO2450 kg/ha、CaO 300 kg/ha、P2O5300 kg/ha)、处理D(SiO2450 kg/ha、CaO 450 kg/ha、P2O5225 kg/ha)、处理E(SiO2450 kg/ha、CaO 450 kg/ha、P2O5300 kg/ha)、处理F(处理B+有机肥7500 kg/ha),测定甘蔗出苗率等农艺性状,收获后测定产量及锤度,取样测定不同部位氮、磷、钾含量,同时取土壤样品测定土壤养分含量。【结果】与对照相比,不同处理均对甘蔗分蘖、株高、有效茎及产量有显著影响(P<0.05,下同),其中处理E和处理F增产率分别为23.06%和22.53%。在硅钙磷肥基础上增施有机肥后对甘蔗蔗茎中氮、钾养分积累效果影响显著,但对磷养分积累效果影响不显著(P>0.05,下同)。当季土壤pH相比对照提高了0.11~0.38,但对土壤养分影响不显著。【结论】在施用氮、钾肥的基础上配施硅钙肥及有机肥能增加土壤中盐基离子数量,减少土壤中交换性酸和交换性铝含量,有效减缓土壤酸化进程。施用SiO2450 kg/ha、CaO 300 kg/ha和P2O5225 kg/ha并配施有机肥7500 kg/ha,能促进蔗茎氮、钾养分的积累,同时在甘蔗增产及减缓土壤酸化方面也能获得理想效果。     

广西畜禽粪便产生量估算及对环境影响评价

【目的】通过对广西主要畜禽粪便产生量及其污染物含量进行估算,了解畜禽粪便污染现状,为广西畜禽养殖业污染治理提供参考。【方法】收集2010年广西畜禽养殖量数据,利用各类畜禽粪便排泄系数,估算广西主要畜禽粪便及其污染物产生量,在此基础上计算畜禽粪便耕地负荷量和畜禽粪便污染物流失量,评估广西畜禽养殖污染对环境造成的生态压力。【结果】2010年广西畜禽粪便产生量及其养分量分别为：畜禽粪便9141．30万t、总氮（TN）42．07万t、总磷（TP）13．62万t,畜禽粪便及其中的N、P纯养分耕地年负荷值分别为21t／ha、98kg／ha、32kg／ha;畜禽粪便污染物BOD5、CODG和NH3-N产生量分别为：383．43、435．42和42．08万t,按30％流失率计,COD。和NH3-N流失量均超出工业及生活废水排放量之和。【结论】广西畜禽养殖业对土壤环境影响较小,但对水体环境已构成严重威胁。     

Multispecies and multiple anthelmintic resistance on cattle nematodes in a farm in Argentina: the beginning of high resistance?

There are very few resistance records on cattle nematodes. South American successive records have been increasing rapidly since the year 2000. In Argentina, increasing dissatisfaction based on the exclusive use of macrocyclic lactones has prompted the use of benzimidazoles in the Pampean region. The studied farm is located in the Argentina humid Pampas and had apparently poor results after anthelmintic treatments. Evaluation of resistance was firstly based on faecal egg reduction after treatment in November 2001 and June 2002 and was complemented with worm counts obtained by necropsy in June 2002. The study reports that the reduction of faecal egg excretion after benzimidazole (reduction 31-79%) or ivermectin treatments (76-97%) in November 2001 was insufficient and these poor results were confirmed in June 2002 (benzimidazoles (65-89%) and ivermectin (47-77%)). Several methods for evaluating faecal egg count reduction were performed and yielded different results. A new method based on the estimated faecal egg counts (corrected from the initial faecal egg counts and animal type using a general linear model) was used and gave higher flexibility in the interpretation of putative resistance to anthelmintics. From necropsy results, it could be concluded that Cooperia oncophora was resistant to avermectins and benzimidazoles and that Cooperia punctata, Ostertagia ostertagi and Haemonchus placei were resistant to benzimidazoles. This case of multispecies and multidrug resistance is probably not unique and could reflect the emergence of resistances in Argentina. This emergence is probably due to the intensive use of anthelmintics, the absence of refugia, and the frequent circulation of infected cattle.     

Risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among students at the veterinary school of Zaragoza University

The prevalence and risk factors associated with leptospirosis were studied in veterinary students in Zaragoza. Sera were collected at the beginning and end of the academic year 1994 to 1995 and were tested by ELISA against a pool of Leptospira interrogans serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona antigens. At the beginning of the study the prevalence was 8.14 per cent and at the end it was 11.4 per cent. The incidence of the disease during the study was 0.0394. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis included: taking the course specialising in food inspection and technology, on-farm work, contact with pets in general, and particularly carnivores, and contact with animal traders. The symptoms associated with the disease were myalgia and fever, and the treatment of the symptoms provided some protection.     

Influence of age and purpose for testing on the cut-off selection of serological methods in bovine neosporosis

The aim of this study was to investigate the need for different cut-off points, according to animal age and the purpose of testing, for two of the most widely used serological techniques in bovine neosporosis, IFAT and a crude antigen ELISA (Civtest, HIPRA). Therefore, the population reference sera used were defined using a combination of multiple criteria such as epidemiological/clinical and histopathological parameters and an immunoblot test. Firstly, foetuses and breeding cattle (heifers and cows) were considered as separate subpopulations for serological evaluation. Secondly, cut-off points for each serological technique (IFAT and ELISA) according to age group (foetuses and breeding cattle) and the different practical applications (detection of infection and abortion) were calculated following the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Cut-off points were defined, for IFAT and ELISA for aborted breeding cattle and for IFAT alone in the case of the foetuses, assuming an equivalent cost of false positive and negative results. In infected breeding cattle, for IFAT and ELISA and in foetuses for ELISA, two possible cut-off values were obtained, one for a maximum sensitivity and one for a maximum specificity and the intervals of unclear results were defined. In this case, a cut-off value for equal sensitivity and specificity was also estimated. When cut-off points for infected breeding cattle, 1:100-1:250 for IFAT and 0.306-0.451 for ELISA were applied to a target population, optimal and similar negative and positive predictive values together with similar apparent and true prevalence results were observed suggesting the possibility of using both tests interchangeably.     

Renal handling of calcium and phosphorus in experimental renal hyperparathyroidism in dogs

Twenty-four hour urinary excretion, fractional excretion and the filtered load of calcium and phosphorus were monitored as hyperparathyroidism evolved in a model of progressive canine renal failure. Thirteen beagles of both sexes aged four and a half months were used. Nine of them were subjected to a renal damaging schedule (neomycine, 60 mg/kg/48 h, IM, 32 weeks) in order to induce chronic renal failure leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT group). The remaining four were kept as the control group. The experiment was conducted over 32 weeks. Blood and 24 h urine were collected every four weeks. Calcium, phosphorus and creatinine were analyzed. Plasma parathormone and calcitonin were determined at weeks 0, 12, 24 and 32. The level of renal function in the 2HPT animals was reduced to 25% of that of the controls (endogenous creatinine clearance was 0.45 +/- 0.22 mL/min/kg as opposed to 1.81 +/- 0.54 mL/min/kg). Hyperparathyroidism was confirmed by a progressive increase in the levels of the parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin levels were not modified. A tendency to hypocalcaemia was observed, reaching statistically significant levels from the twenty-eighth week of the study, when hyperphosphataemia also became significant. Daily urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus remained at values considered normal throughout the experiment with no alteration imputable to the impaired renal function. This is explained by the decrease in the filtered load of these elements (in both cases statistically significant from the 24th week on) being associated with an increase in their fractional excretion. Thus, calcium and phosphorus urinary excretion values could be maintained in a normal range up to the end of the experiment, showing that renal calcium handling in dogs with experimentally induced renal failure seems to differ from that observed in human patients.     

Genital lesions in an outbreak of caprine contagious agalactia caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma putrefaciens

This paper reports on the genital lesions observed in adult male and female goats from a commercial flock in the Extremadura region of southwestern Spain, following an outbreak of contagious agalactia syndrome caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae and M. putrefaciens. Although both species were isolated from several organs, M. putrefaciens was the only agent isolated from the genital lesions reported here, characterized by desquamative salpingitis and cystic catarrhal metritis in females and by testicular degeneration in males. Mycoplasma putrefaciens was isolated from the testes of only one of the males examined.     

Analysis of ELA-DQB exon 2 polymorphism in Argentine Creole horses by PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP

The second exon of equine leucocyte antigen (ELA)-DQB genes was amplified from genomic DNA of 32 Argentine Creole horses by PCR. Amplified DNA was analysed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The PCR-RFLP analysis revealed two HaeIII patterns, four RsaI patterns, five MspI patterns and two HinfI patterns. EcoRI showed no variation in the analysed sample. Additional patterns that did not account for known exon 2 DNA sequences were observed, suggesting the existence of novel ELA-DQB alleles. PCR-SSCP analysis exhibited seven different band patterns, and the number of bands per animal ranged from four to nine. Both methods indicated that at least two DQB genes are present. The presence of more than two alleles in each animal showed that the primers employed in this work are not specific for a unique DQB locus. The improvement of this PCR-RFLP method should provide a simple and rapid technique for an accurate definition of ELA-DQB typing in horses.