Review of Research on Damage of Corrod Reinforced Concrete

The research result shows that the corrosion of reinforcement is one of the dominating factor for decreasing the durability of reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, the significance of the research of corroded reinforced concrete is presented, and an attempt is made to integrate the latest development with regard to the mechanical behaviors of reinforcement corrosion, the damage of concrete due to corroded bars, bond relationship between corroded bars and concrete, as well as the load capacity of corroded reinforced concrete flexural member and compressive member and the seismic behavior of corroded reinforced concrete element. And the trend of its development in future is discussed as well.     

Ionizing radiation and antioxidants affect volatile sulfur compounds, lipid oxidation, and color of ready-to-eat Turkey bologna

Bologna was processed from ground turkey breast meats containing one of four antioxidant treatments (none, rosemary extract, sodium erythorbate, and sodium nitrite). After it was cooked, the bologna was sliced, sealed in gas impermeable bags, exposed to 0, 1.5, and 3.0 kGy gamma-radiation, and then stored at 5 degrees C for up to 8 weeks. Thiobarbuturic acid reactive substances (TBARS), color, and volatile sulfur compounds were measured every 2 weeks during storage. Irradiation had no consistent effect on TBARS values. The rosemary extract and sodium nitrite inhibited, while erythorbate increased, TBARS values, independent of radiation dose or storage time. Irradiation promoted redness and reduced yellowness of the control (no antioxidant) bologna at weeks 0 and 2. The use of nitrite and rosemary extract inhibited the changes in color due to irradiation. Several volatile sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, methyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide), measured using a pulsed flame photometric detector, increased with radiation dose. However, none of the antioxidants had any substantial effect on volatile sulfur compounds induced by irradiation. Our results suggest that antioxidants did not consistently affect irradiation-induced volatile sulfur compounds of turkey bologna although they did significantly impact color and lipid oxidation.     

Headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-olfactometry dilution analysis of young and aged Chinese "Yanghe Daqu" liquors

The aroma compounds of young and aged Chinese "Yanghe Daqu" liquor samples were extracted by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-olfactometry dilution analysis. The original liquor samples were diluted with deionized water to give a final alcohol content of 14% (v/v). The samples were stepwise diluted (1:1) with 14% (by volume) ethanol-water solution and then extracted by headspace SPME. The samples were preequilibrated at 50 degrees C for 15 min and extracted with stirring at the same temperature for 30 min prior to injection into GC. The aroma compounds were identified by both GC-MS and GC-olfactometry using DB-Wax and DB-5 columns. The results suggested that esters were the major contributors to Yanghe Daqu liquor aroma. Ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, and ethyl pentanoate had very high flavor dilution values in both young and aged liquors (FD > 8192). Methyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl benzoate, and butyl hexanoate could also be very important because of their high flavor dilution values (FD > or = 256). Moreover, two acetals, 1,1-diethoxyethane and 1,1-diethoxy-3-methylbutane, also were shown high flavor dilution values in Yanghe Daqu liquors (FD > or = 256). Other aroma compounds having moderate flavor dilution values included acetaldehyde, 3-methylbutanol, and 2-pentanol (FD > or = 32). Comparing young and aged liquors, the aroma profiles were similar, but the aroma compounds in the aged sample had higher flavor dilution values than in the young ones.     

喷孔空化特性和近孔初始射流结构研究

设计了透明的有机玻璃喷嘴头部代替原喷油器的压力室和喷孔,在高压共轨试验台架上搭建了喷油器孔内流动和近孔喷雾可视化试验装置,采用高速可控闪光摄影与长距离显微成像技术相结合方法,获得了喷孔内部空化流动和近孔区域初始射流结构形态的发展过程图像。结果表明,所有试验喷孔内均呈现空化流动,空化强度和空化类型与针阀升程和喷油压力有关,喷油压力越高,对应空化初生的喷油时刻越早,并且空化类型在喷孔内出现的频率和时间也不同;喷油前喷孔内存在初始气泡,初始气泡大小不同导致了近孔区域初始射流结构不同。基于大涡模拟(Large eddy simulation,LES)和界面追踪法(Volume of fluid,VOF)多相流模型,根据喷嘴内部几何形状和试验条件,模拟计算喷孔内初始气泡的演变过程以及初始射流结构形态的形成发展过程,试验结果与模拟结果相符。     

Warm water treatment in combination with modified atmosphere packaging reduces undesirable effects of irradiation on the quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce

Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce dipped in either 5 or 47 degrees C water for 2 min was packaged in modified atmosphere film bags and then exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 kGy gamma-radiation. Dipping cut lettuce in 47 degrees C water for 2 min prior to irradiation reduced antioxidant and phenolic accumulations induced by irradiation. Irradiation at 2 kGy increased cellular leakage and sogginess of cut lettuce dipped in both temperatures. Samples irradiated at 0.5 and 1 kGy had similar firmness and vitamin C and antioxidant contents as the controls after 14 and 21 days of storage except 1 kGy samples dipped at 47 degrees C had lower antioxidant contents than controls at 14 days of storage. Lettuce dipped at 47 degrees C and irradiated at 0.5 and 1 kGy had better overall visual quality and less tissue browning than corresponding irradiated samples dipped at 5 degrees C. These results suggest lettuce treated with warm water and irradiated at 0.5 or 1 kGy had the best sensory quality without significant loss in texture, vitamin C, or total antioxidants.     

Impacts of ionizing radiation on volatile production by ripening gala apple fruit

Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh., cv. Gala) fruit treated with 0.5 microL x L(-1) 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) or air (non-MCP) for 12 h at 20 degrees C were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 0, 0.44, 0.88, or 1.32 kGy at 23 degrees C and then stored at 20 degrees C. Production of volatile compounds was measured on the day of irradiation and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after irradiation. Both MCP treatment and irradiation inhibited ethylene production. MCP treatment reduced production of all volatile esters and alcohols detected, whereas irradiation inhibited production of most, but not all, esters and some alcohols by non-MCP-treated fruit. The inhibition of volatile production following irradiation increased with dose. Production of methyl and propyl esters was inhibited more than that of other esters following irradiation or MCP treatment. The impact of irradiation on production of esters and alcohols by MCP-treated fruit was minimal. Non-MCP-treated fruit irradiated at 0.44 kGy produced the most esters during the 21-day period at 20 degrees C following irradiation, and the ester production rate in these fruit was comparable to that of the nonirradiated fruit 21 days after irradiation. Fruit treated with doses higher than 0.44 kGy did not recover their ability to produce volatile compounds. These results indicate both MCP and ionizing radiation inhibit production of many aroma compounds produced by ripening apple fruit.     

安全用电歌

农村电力大发展,安全用电是关键.三根相线叫火线,电机接在它上面.电源还有一根线.人们叫它中性线.零线地线中性线,说来都是一根线.三相四线弄清楚,家电安全电机转.     

复方噻胺酮对小型猪血清中多种元素的影响

试验采用动物给药前报自身对照的方法，观察了我国新研制的兽用复合全麻药－－复方噻胺酮对10头小型猪血清中的常量元素（K，Na,Ca,Mg）和微量元素（Cu,Fe,Zn）含量的影响。结果表明，小型猪肌肉注射临床麻醉剂量（15mg/kg）的复方噻胺酮后，血清中Na,K,Cu,Fe可在一定时间内呈显著升高（P＜0.05）；Ca显著下降（P＜0.05）；Mg和Zn未发生显著变化，但上述诸元素的变化均未超出正常范围。尽管如此，若对已患上述诸元素缺乏或过高的动物进行麻醉时，或是需在麻醉状态下进行有关元素方面的研究时，对这种影响也应给予足够重视。