不同经营模式对华北落叶松人工林生长与物种多样性的影响

为研究不同经营模式对落叶松人工林生长与多样性的影响,为华北落叶松森林经营提供理论依据,以河北省木兰围场国有林场龙头山种苗场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,采用随机布设与固定样地相结合的方法进行样地调查,研究N、T和CK 3种经营模式对华北落叶松人工林生长与多样性的影响。N模式林分胸径年均生长量、平均单株材积年均生长量均高于T模式和CK模式,经营2、4、6年,N模式胸径年均生长量分别是T模式和CK模式的1倍、1倍、1.2倍、1.9倍、1.3倍、1.9倍,N模式平均单株材积年均生长量分别是T模式和CK模式的1倍、1.07倍、1.01倍、1.04倍、1.03倍、1.06倍;随着经营时间增加,径级分布在不断的变化,CK模式小径阶株数量百分比偏多,N模式和T模式中径阶株数量百分比偏多,N模式和T模式林分胸径分布相对CK模式向右偏移,N模式林分16 cm及以上径阶株数量百分比比T模式和CK模式提高了30.97%、17.24%;随着经营时间增加,N模式和N模式下灌草层物种数量呈现增加趋势,而CK模式下灌草物种数量呈现下降趋势。经营2年,N模式和T模式Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和...     

几种农机维修工具的使用技巧

对于像扳手、钳子、螺丝刀、千斤顶之类的常规维修工具,农机维修人员是再熟悉不过的了。但是,你可曾注意到,在长期的修理过程中,却存在着种种使用误区？ 1．止轮器（车轮固定器）应该安放在驱动轮下 当坡道停车或者需要拆卸轮胎时,往往需要在车轮下塞止轮器（如果没有止轮器,只能用三角木、石块等代替）。有的人将止轮器随便往哪个车轮下一塞,认为这样就万事大吉了。     

Creating a novel herbicide-tolerance OsALS allele using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing

Weeds and weedy rice plague commercial rice fields in many countries. Developingherbicide-tolerance rice is the most efficient strategy to control weed proliferation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, which generates small InDels and nucleotide substitutions atand around target sites using error-prone non-homologous end joining DNA repairing, hasbeen widely adopted for generation of novel crop germplasm with a wide range of geneticvariation in important agronomic traits. We created a novel herbicide-tolerance allele inrice by targeting the acetolactate synthase (OsALS) gene using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated geneediting. The novel allele (G628W) arose from a G-to-T transversion at position 1882 of OsALSand conferred a high level of herbicide tolerance. Transgene-free progeny carryinghomozygous G628W allele were identified and showed agronomic performance similar tothat of wild-type plants, suggesting that the G628W allele is a valuable resource fordeveloping elite rice varieties with strong herbicide tolerance. To promote use of the G628Wallele and to accelerate introgression and/or pyramiding of the G628W allele with other elitealleles, we developed a DNA marker for the G628W allele that accurately and robustlydistinguished homozygous from heterozygous segregants. Our result further demonstratesthe feasibility of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in creating novel genetic variation forcrop breeding.     

Characterization of geosmin as source of earthy odor in different aroma type Chinese liquors

Earthy odor is one of the most frequent and serious causes for the aroma deterioration in Chinese liquor, which causes a dirty and dusty impression. The odor in Chinese liquor is similar to that of rice husk, one kind of auxiliary material widely used as a filler in the distillation process. So it is experientially hypothesized that such odor may derive from rice husk. In this paper, the gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to discover and identify the characteristic odoriferous zone of Chinese liquor marked by earthy odor. Geosmin was found to be responsible for this odor. The levels of the compound in ten bottled liquors and thirty liquors aging for different years belonging to four different aroma types were determined by the optimized headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method. Quantitative analysis of bottled liquor revealed the presence of geosmin in all aroma type liquors with concentrations ranging from 1.10 μg/L to 9.90 μg/L, except for strong-aroma type liquor. Meanwhile in the aged liquors belonging to the same aroma type, geosmin was detected with significant concentrations and high odor activity values (OAVs) during different years of aging. However, geosmin was not detected in steamed rice husk nor in nonsteamed rice husk, which suggests that rice husk is not the origin of earthy odor in Chinese liquor, and there may be another origin of it during the brewing process.     

人工微粒饵料培育对虾（Penaeus orientalis）幼体的效果分析

众所周知，对虾育苗需使用活饵如硅藻、卤虫幼体等。近年使用豆浆、蛋黄以及豆浆制备物等人工饵料培育对虾幼体已获成功。但这类饵料不能全部代替硅藻和卤虫的作用，而且这种饵料易受细菌侵附、从而使饵料分解影响水质。自70年代末以来，各种类型的微粒饵料(MD)的研制受到国外学者重视并对其饵料效果进行投喂试验。     

Response of soil respiration to nitrogen addition in two subtropical forest types

Anthropogenic activities have increased nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems, which directly and indirectly affects soil biogeochemical processes, including soil respiration. However, the effects of the increases in N availability on soil respiration are not fully understood. In this study, soil respiration was measured using an infrared gas analyzer system with soil chambers under four N treatments (0, 5, 15, and 30 g N m^-2 year^-1 as control, low N (LN), moderate N (MN), and high N (HN), respectively) in camphor tree and slash pine forests in subtropical China. Results showed that soil respiration rates decreased by 37% in the camphor tree forest and 27% in the slash pine forest on average on an annual base, respectively, in the N-fertilized treatments when compared with the control. No significant differences were found in the soil respiration rate among the LN, MN, and HN treatments in both forest types as these fertilized plots reached an adequate N content zone. In addition, soil microbial biomass carbon (C) content and fine root biomass declined in N-treated plots compared to the control. Our results indicated that elevated N deposition might alter the tree growth pattern, C partitioning, and microbial activity, which further affect soil C sequestration by reducing soil respiration in subtropical forests of China.     

Applications and prospects of functional oligosaccharides in pig nutrition: A review

Oligosaccharides are low molecular weight carbohydrates between monosaccharides and polysaccharides, which consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. They have the effects of promoting growth, regulating immunity, improving the structure of intestinal flora, and are antiinflammatory and antioxidant. With the comprehensive implementation of the antibiotic prohibition policy in China, oligosaccharides as new green feed additive have been paid more attention. Oligosaccharides ca...     

Effect of Water Temperature on Feeding Rhythm in Common Carp （ Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Temminck et Schlegel）

Feeding rhythm of common carp was investigated from 4°cC to 34°C. The results indicated that there was a diel feeding rhythm for both adult (630–850 g) and youth (61–91 g) at all tested temperatures. There were two main activity peaks at 8:00–11:00 a.m. and 19:00–23:00 p.m., during which feeding quantities were 10.68%–32.53% and 16.25%–33.41% of the daily intake, respectively. When water temperature dropped to below 10°C, the feeding peak concentrated at 8:00–11:00 a.m. and 19:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. At 6°C, though both adult and youth would still feed, the feeding quantities were only 0.01% and 0.35% of body mass. Daily feeding rate of adult and youth reached 1.21% and 2.63% at 14°C, respectively. Both adult and youth carps reached the maximum daily feeding rate at 28°C, being 2.84% and 12.06% of body mass, respectively. The daily feeding rate of adult and youth reduced suddenly after at 34°C, and the daily feeding rate was only 0.74% and 9.45% of body mass, respectively. There was significant difference in daily feeding rate at different water temperatures (P<0.05).