植物-土壤微生物反馈在草地演替过程中的作用机制

植物-土壤反馈影响生态系统结构、功能及过程,推动植物群落组成的变化,对解释植物群落的演替进程和方向、维持植物群落多样性和稳定性有着重要意义,已成为近年生物学和生态学研究热点。植物-土壤微生物反馈是植物-土壤反馈的重要组成部分。重点综述植物-土壤微生物反馈在植物群落演替过程中的作用机制,简要指出目前研究中存在的不足,并对未来研究中值得重点关注的科学问题进行了探讨与展望。     

Valuing Potential Benefits of Research into the Biological Control of Californian Thistle （Cirsium arvense）： A Bioeconomic Model

The present research developed a bioeconomic model for control of Californian thistle （Cirsium arvense L. Scop.） in intensive, lowland sheep pastures in New Zealand. Production costs included two control methods： herbicides and defoliation, with defoliation encompassing both physical means and biocontrol measures. The model was used to examine the economic value of a research programme into biological control of the weed, given several different future scenarios. These scenarios were high herbicide prices, a price premium for lamb raised without chemical herbicides, and development of herbicide resistance. The model results were used to estimate national impacts. If the only change in the agricultural sector was the cost of the biocontrol to the nation＇s farmers, the research programme to find an effective biocontrol agent had little economic impact. If other factors changed, such as the price of petroleum or levels of herbicide resistance in the weed. the model＇s results suggested that intensive sheep farming could grow or shrink by as much as NZ$219 million dollars over five years. In the latter case, having an alternative control method reduced potential losses and increased potential gains, resulting in a net benefit of between NZ$81 million and NZ$153 million. This work extended prior research in several ways. First. Californian thistle reproduces via root buds, which affected the modelling of weed behaviour. Secondly, the model allowed optimistation over continuous levels of weed control for two different methods. Thirdly, the model accounted for both weed control and damage to nitrogen-fixing clover from herbicide use. Finally, the research investigated optimal weed control in several different alternative future states.     

Evaluation of Some Physical Properties of Cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.）

Cucumber is one of the important vegetables in many countries. Information about physical properties of cucumber is necessary for designing, grading, sorting and processing operations. In this study, some physical properties such as diameter, length, height, and weight of three varieties of cucumber （Green Gold, Dharwad, and Super Dominus） were measured. The results revealed that there was no significant difference （P〈0.01） in the density values of the studied varieties, but regarding other physical properties there were a significant difference （P〈0.01） among them. The average density for Green Gold, Dharwad and Super Dominus were 0.98, 0.95 and 0.94 g/cm^3, respectively. Green Gold cucumber had the highest diameter, volume, weight, flesh diameter, geometric mean diameter and sphericity. Dharwad and Super Dominus varieties with 15.49 cm length and 4.61 length to diameter ratio had the highest length and length to diameter ratio, respectively. Smallest skin thickness （1.48 cm） was for Super Dominus. Surface area of Green Gold, Dharwad and Super Dominus were 192.29, 192.4 and 131.2 cm^2. As well as there was a high and positive correlation between weight and volume in the studied varieties. There was a non-significant and low correlation （0.56） between diameter and length in Super Dominus. There was also a high and positive correlation between diameter and geometric mean diameter in all the varieties.     

Effects of Gradual Water Deficit Stress on Phenological and Morphological Traits in Chickpea （Cicer arietinum L.）

The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of gradual water deficit stress on some phonological and morphological traits and grain yield of desi and kabuli chickpea cultivars. This study was carried out in 2007 and 2008, to evaluate responses of three chickpea cultivars （Hashem and Arman from kabuli and Pirooz from desi type） under well watering （I1： 70mm evaporation from class A pan）, gradual water deficit （12 and 13： 70→90→ 110→130 and 70→100→130mm evaporation from class A pan, respectively） and severe water stress （14： 130mm evaporation from class A pan）. Result showed that days to flowering and plant height were decreased, as water limitation increased. This reduction was significant under gradual water stress （I2 and I3） and Severe water deficit （I4）, compared with control （I1）. There were no significant differences in grain filling period and grain yield among I~, I2 and I3 irrigation treatments. No significant differences in days to physiologic maturity and number of sub branches were recorded among irrigation treatments. Interactions of year×cultivar for days to physiologic maturity, grain filling period and grain yield （P≤0.01） and for days to flowering and plant height （P≤0.05） were significant. The superiority of Arman in producing comparatively greater grain yield could be attributed to higher grain filling period of this cultivar in both years.     

新疆主要棉区棉花黄萎病菌致病力分化及其遗传多样性分析

测定了源于新疆棉区的22个棉花黄萎病菌单孢菌株和3个落叶型棉黄萎病菌菌株T9、VD8和V151对4个棉花品种上的致病力.采用随机引物聚合酶链反应(RAPD)技术分析了这些菌株的遗传多样性.结果表明:供试的25个棉花黄萎病菌之间的致病力存在显著差异(P<0.05).在各棉花品种上,22个新疆菌株中都有与T9、VD8或V151的致病力差异不显著的菌株,说明新疆存在较强致病力的棉花黄萎病菌菌系.RAPD分析表明,供试的8个随机引物中6个可以从25个菌株的基因组DNA中稳定地扩增出多态性DNA片段.对扩增片段统计结果表明,供试菌株间遗传相似系数变化幅度为0.57～1.00.聚类分析表明,在阈值0.625处可将25个菌株分为4个RAPD群(命名为RG1、RG2、RG3和RG4),RG1包括2个菌株,即B、BL-19菌株; RG2 包括5个菌株,即BL-17、BL-13、N-5、H、N-16;RG3为最大一个亚群,包括T9、SL等16个菌株;RG4包括2个菌株,即VD8和V151.综合分析表明新疆棉花黄萎病菌的致病力强弱和菌株的采集地等遗传背景存在一定的差异,这可能与各主产棉区的频繁引种有着直接的联系.     

高吞吐量协作防火墙的双向去冗余方法

针对协作防火墙中冗余规则会降低其吞吐量的问题,提出一种基于双向去冗余的高吞吐量协作防火墙优化方法.该方法通过比对协作防火墙中双方的防火墙规则,双向去除域内防火墙之间的冗余规则,提高整个协作防火墙的数据包过滤能力.仿真实验结果表明,该方法的冗余率达到了22.7%,提高了8.2%吞吐量,明显优于已有协作防火墙优化方法.     

精细农业技术在农业生产上的应用

精细农业可以被定义为一个综合系统,该系统通过应用作物信息、先进的技术以及有效的管理方法等手段使农业生产达到最优化.作为一个真正的综合系统,应该在起始阶段制定好生产、流通以及采后处理阶段的有效策略.其中信息、技术、管理是该生产系统中最为关键的3大因素.……     

通过营养和饲喂手段减少氮和磷的排出

在过去的几十年里,畜牧业生产方式发生了巨大的变化.特别是家禽、生猪和奶牛业的集约化程度越来越高,这导致了畜牧业经营规模不断扩大,而畜牧业经营场家数量却在逐渐减少.     

Unveiling how vitrification affects the porcine blastocyst: clues from a transcriptomic studyOA

Background: Currently, there is a high demand for efficient pig embryo cryopreservation procedures in the porcine industry as well as for genetic diversity preservation and research purposes. To date, vitrification(VIT) is the most efficient method for pig embryo cryopreservation. Despite a high number of embryos survives in vitro after vitrification/warming procedures, the in vivo embryo survival rates after embryo transfer are variable among laboratories. So far, most studies have focused on c...