主要农作物秸秆养分资源现状及其肥料替代潜力分析——以安徽省为例

安徽省农作物秸秆资源丰富,充分利用秸秆养分资源对于农田养分投入的合理分配具有重要意义。评估全省主要农作物秸秆还田当季有效养分替代化肥潜力,可为安徽省减肥增效提供科学依据。本研究以安徽种植面积较大的主要农作物水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、花生和油菜为研究对象,通过查阅安徽省统计数据和公开发表的文献资料,对2017年安徽省主要农作物秸秆数量、秸秆还田率以及还田当季养分利用率进行估算,明晰了全省化肥减施潜力。结果表明:2017年安徽省主要农作物秸秆资源量为4 699.9万t,秸秆资源分布上呈北部和中部较多、南部最少的特征。秸秆养分资源总量为124.8万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为38.1万t、11.4万t和75.3万t,分别占全省主要农作物养分需求的40.1%、32.1%和68.9%。理论上,秸秆全量还田,且养分充分利用的情况下,秸秆养分替代化肥潜力大。但秸秆养分N、P_2O_5和K_2O当季利用率分别为38.9%、52.3%和69.9%,实际秸秆N、P_2O_5和K_2O养分还田量仅占主要农作物养分需求的15.6%、16.8%和48.2%,分别占农田养分总投入量的8.6%、6.4%和41.4%。通过秸秆还田,全省可减施化肥63.3万t,减施比例为19.8%, N、P_2O_5和K_2O减施比例分别为11.4%、17.2%、40.7%。进一步提高秸秆还田率和当季养分释放率,是推进全省化肥减施增效的有利手段。     

不同N、P添加水平对黄顶菊叶片化学计量特征的影响

黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)为新入侵我国的一种恶性杂草,研究其化学计量特征可以了解入侵植物在不同环境中的生存和适应策略.通过网室盆栽控制试验,研究了土壤N、P添加对黄顶菊植株生长、N、P化学计量特征和叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明,土壤N、P添加比例相同条件下,养分水平对叶片N:P的影响显着;随着N、P添加量的增加,叶片N:P比显着下降,地上生物量较对照均显着增加,其中高N素比例对叶片N:P影响最大,当叶片N:P比>21.24时,植株生长速率较低,符合生长速率假说.土壤N和叶片N含量与黄顶菊叶片叶绿素含量成正相关,黄顶菊叶片N(P)含量和地上生物量均随着土壤N(P)含量的增加呈现先增加后下降趋势.黄顶菊叶片N:P<20.86为N限制,叶片N:P>21.24为P限制.     

盐城市射阳县友爱村立体休闲农业更新设计

介绍了立体农业与休闲农业结合的新型农业模式,通过对产业园的地域特色、功能设施的实地考察和数据分析研究,在保护自然生态环境,尊重科学技术,展望未来思想的指导下,探索盐城市射阳县友爱村的立体休闲农业的更新设计。规划提出:打造一个以立体农业为主,以果林种植和休闲观光为辅的综合型农业产业园的规划理念。产业园以大自然资源为本,以自然生态与旅游经济协调发展为中心,结合立体休闲农业模式,依据改革开放的重点和难点极力创造出一个规划合理、特色鲜明、形式创新的现代农业产业园,逐步化解"新三农"问题。     

阿特拉津对土壤脲酶活性的影响

采用室内培养方法,研究了阿特拉津胁迫对土壤中脲酶的活性的影响。结果发现:在培养期间,阿特拉津对土壤脲酶表现为激活—抑制—激活的规律。3种模型拟合阿特拉津浓度与酶活性关系均达到显著相关关系。土壤阿特拉津对土壤脲酶生态阈值为22.98 mg·kg-1。     

转双价棉丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与植株养分含量变化的研究

通过灭菌盆栽接种试验,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus caledonium对转双价(Bt+CpTI)棉和常规棉石远321的侵染率和植株养分含量的影响。结果表明,在观测期间,转双价棉与同源常规棉之间根系丛枝菌根真菌侵染率在同一时期均无显著差异,但植株氮、磷养分含量在一些时期明显不同,其变化随棉花品种、生育期不同而不同。转双价棉苗期根系全氮和蕾期、吐絮期地上部全磷以及苗期、蕾期和花铃期根系全磷含量显著高于常规棉(P<0.05),而蕾期地上部全氮和吐絮期根系全氮显著低于常规棉(P<0.05)。聚类分析表明,丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和植株养分含量变化主要受生长时期的影响,转双价棉种植对其影响是非常有限的。     

加拿大蓟天敌─欧洲方喙象的寄主专一性测定

在温度为25～28 ℃的养虫室内选择具有代表性的菊科植物及豆科、禾本科牧草共10科30种植物对欧洲方喙象进行寄主专一性测定试验，结果表明其食性专一，只取食加拿大蓟，个别成虫或幼虫在饥饿状态下仅少量取食菊科其他植物，但随后即拒绝取食。非选择性试验（饥饿试验）表明欧洲方喙象耐饥饿能力强，不同龄期平均达28 d。欧洲方喙象最适宜的生长温度是25 ℃，高于30 ℃或低于10 ℃，生长发育则受到抑制。     

国内传染性支气管炎流行情况及防控措施

1传支病毒分型方法近几年传染性支气管炎高度传染,在国内流行甚广,且血清型和变异株众多,各型之间无交叉反应或交叉反应差。因此,对于传染性支气管炎的防控,首先需明确当地流行传染性支气管炎的血清型和变异株。目前,传支病毒分型通常有3种方法：致病型、血清型和基因型。     

盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾组织碳酸酐酶活性的影响

采用改进的△pH法检测凡纳滨对虾组织碳酸酐酶活性,监测了环境盐度从5突变到25后对虾鳃和触角腺组织碳酸酐酶活性及其血淋巴渗透浓度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)鳃组织碳酸酐酶活性在盐度突变后4 d内没有显著变化,活性水平在(21.68±1.25)μmol CO2/(mg.min),第5~11天有显著性的增高现象,在第10天活性最高,为(43.03±2.82)μmol CO2/(mg.min),第12天回落至起始水平;(2)触角腺碳酸酐酶活性动态变化的模式与鳃相似,起始增高时间比鳃晚6 d;(3)触角腺碳酸酐酶活性显著增高起始的时间与鳃组织碳酸酐酶活性开始显著下降的时间有关联性;(4)在低盐度时,凡纳滨对虾属于强高渗调变生物。     

K~+、SO_4~(2-)和碳酸盐碱度对大银鱼仔鱼存活的影响

本试验观察了K~+、SO~(2-)_4和碳酸盐碱度对大银鱼仔鱼存活的影响。大银鱼仔鱼在K~+浓度10～302.4mg/L中96h成活率为95～100％;在SO~(2-)_4384～1920mg/L中96h成活率为100％,并且它们能正常生长;碳酸盐碱度低于14me/L时96h成活率为100％,当碱度升到22me/L时其成活率为80％。     

Effects of Bacillus amylolyticus on Rumen Dry Matter Digestibility,Fermentation Parameters and Metabolites of Dairy Cows北大核心CSCD

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Bacillus amylolyticus on rumen dry matter digestibility, fermentation parameters and metabolites of dairy cows. Experiment 1: six dairy cows with permanent fistula and had the similar parity (2 to 3 fetuses), body weight [(662 ±57) kg], lactation days [(160 ± 22) d] and milk yield [(36.1 ±3.8) kg / d], were randomly divided into 3 groups with 2 cows per group. Using 3 ×3 Latin square design, each group was extra fed 0 (control group), 5 ×109 and 5 ×1010 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus, the trial period was 3 periods, 13 days for each period, including 10 days for the pre-trial period and 3 days for the trial period. At the beginning of the trial period, the rumen dry matter digestibility of cows was measured by nylon bag method. Experiment 2: thirty dairy cows with similar parity [(2.5 ±0.3) fetuses], initial body weight [(559.2 ± 7. 4) kg], milk yield [(35. 2 ± 1. 5) kg / d] and lactation days [(99 ± 22) d] were randomly divided into three groups with 10 cows in each group. Cows in the 3 groups were extra fed with 0 (control group), 5 ×109 and 5 ×1010 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus, respectively. The pre-trial period was 10 days and the trial period was 42 days. The rumen fluid was collected on the last day of the trial period, and the rumen fermentation parameters and metabolites were determined. The results showed as follows: compared with the control group, 1) supplementary feeding of 5 × 1010 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus could significantly improve the rumen dry matter digestibility of dairy cows at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h (P <0.05), supplementary feeding of 5 ×109 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus could significantly improve the rumen dry matter digestibility of dairy cows at 36 and 48 h (P <0.05); 2) supplementary feeding of 5 ×109 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus could significantly increase the contents of isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, total volatile fatty acid and microbial protein in the rumen of dairy cows (P < 0. 05), supplementary feeding of 5 × 1010 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus could significantly increase the contents of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in the rumen of dairy cows and significantly reduce the rumen acetic acid / propionic acid (P < 0. 05), supplementary feeding of 5 ×109 and 5 ×1010 Bacillus amylolyticus had no effects on rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen content (P >0.05); 3) eleven metabolic pathways related to differential metabolites were detected, and ascorbic acid and alginate metabolism were significantly enriched (P < 0. 05) . In conclusion, Bacillus amylolyticus can increase the rumen dry matter digestibility, and improve the rumen fermentation function of dairy cows by affecting the content of rumen metabolites. By comprehensive analysis, supplementary feeding of 5 × 109 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus can achieve better effect. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.