ROUTE DEVELOPMENT,ANTIVIRAL STUDIES,FIELD EVALUATION AND TOXICITY OF AN ANTIVIRAL PLANT PROTECTANT NK0238

• Developed a two-step synthetic route to anti-plant-virus candidate NK0238. • NK0238 exhibited a broad antivirus spectrum in greenhouse. • NK0238 showed comparable antivirus activities as controls in field trials. • NK0238 was safe to birds, fish, bees and silkworms. • NK0238 has a very good prospect in commercial development. It has previously been shown that tryptophan, the biosynthesis precursor of Peganum harmala alkaloids, and its derivatives have anti-TMV activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of this led to the identification of NK0238 as a highly effective agent for the prevention and control of diseases caused by plant viruses, but the existing routes are unsuitable for its large-scale synthesis. This study optimized a route for two-step synthesis of this virucide candidate via reaction of l-tryptophan with triphosgene to produce l-tryptophan-N-carboxylic anhydride, which then reacts with n-octylamine to give NK0238 at up to 94% yield and nearly 97% HPLC purity. In addition, the route was used for the preparation of NK0238 on a>40 g scale permitting further assessment of its antivirus activity in the greenhouse and field experiments, and toxicity tests. NK0238 exhibited useful antiviral activities against a variety of viruses both in greenhouse and field experiments. The toxicity tests showed that NK0238 was not acutely toxic to birds, fish, honey bees and silkworms. The optimized route provides a solid foundation for its large-scale synthesis and subsequent efficacy and toxicity studies, its excellent activity and safety make NK0238 a promising drug candidate for further development.     

PROGRESS ON IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY: UK-CHINA VIRTUAL JOINT CENTERS ON NITROGEN AGRONOM

● Virtual joint centers on N agronomy were established between UK and China. ● Key themes were improving NUE for fertilizers, utilizing livestock manures, and soil health. ● Improved management practices and technologies were identified and assessed. ● Fertilizer emissions and improved manure management are key targets for mitigation. Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in agricultural production systems and reducing losses of reactive N to the environment. Major focus areas were improving fertilizer NUE, use of livestock manures, soil health, and policy development and knowledge exchange. Improvements to fertilizer NUE included attention to application rate in the context of yield potential and economic considerations and the potential of improved practices including enhanced efficiency fertilizers, plastic film mulching and cropping design. Improved utilization of livestock manures requires knowledge of the available nutrient content, appropriate manure processing technologies and integrated nutrient management practices. Soil carbon, acidification and biodiversity were considered as important aspects of soil health. Both centers identified a range of potential actions that could be taken to improve N management, and the research conducted has highlighted the importance of developing a systems-level approach to assessing improvement in the overall efficiency of N management and avoiding unintended secondary effects from individual interventions. Within this context, the management of fertilizer emissions and livestock manure at the farm and regional scales appear to be particularly important targets for mitigation.     

北京地区节水型屋顶绿化植物配置及养护

节水型屋顶绿化是北京地区增加城市绿化面积,改善城市生态环境的重要手段。本文通过查阅文献、实地调查和总结分析,从植物生长的条件和配置原则出发,归纳了北京地区屋顶绿化常用的植物材料,提出适合北京地区节水型屋顶绿化的植物选择原则,并根据这些原则,提出了推荐北京地区节水型屋顶绿化使用的乔木植物油松(Pinustabulaeformis)等15种、灌木植物大叶黄杨(Buxusmegistophylla)等27种、地被植物景天类(Sedum spectabilis)等13种,推荐了喷灌、滴灌和渗灌等3种可用于屋顶绿化的节水灌溉技术,并简要介绍了屋顶绿化的修剪要求,为北京地区节水型屋顶绿化的推广提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

Calcium Signaling is Involved in Negative Phototropism ofRice Seminal Roots简

Calcium ions(Ca2+) act as an intracellular second messenger and affect nearly all aspects of cellular life. They are functioned by interacting with polar auxin transport, and the negative phototropism of plant roots is caused by the transport of auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side of the roots. To clarify the role of calcium signaling in the modulation of rice root negative phototropism, as well as the relationship between polar auxin transport and calcium signaling, calcium signaling reagents were used to treat rice seminal roots which were cultivated in hydroculture and unilaterally illuminated at an intensity of 100–200 μmol/(m2·s) for 24 h. Negative phototropism curvature and growth rate of rice roots were both promoted by exogenous CaCl2 lower than 100 μmol/L, but inhibited by calcium channel blockers(verapamil and LaCl3), calcineurin inhibitor(chlorpromazine, CPZ), and polar auxin transport inhibitor(N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA). Roots stopped growing and negative phototropism disappeared when the concentrations increased to 100 μmol/L verapamil, 12.500 μmol/L LaCl3, 60 μmol/L CPZ, and 6 μmol/L NPA. Moreover, 100 μmol/L CaCl2 could relieve the inhibition of LaCl3, verapamil and NPA. The enhanced negative phototropism curvature was caused by the transportation of more auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side in the presence of exogenous Ca2+. Calcium signaling plays a key role as a second messenger in the process of light signal regulation of rice root growth and negative phototropism.     

Rhizosphere microbiomes can regulate plant drought tolerance

Beneficial root-associated rhizospheric microbes play a key role in maintaining host plant growth and can potentially allow drought-resilient crop production. The complex interaction of root-associated microbes mainly depends on soil type, plant genotype, and soil moisture. However, drought is the most devastating environmental stress that strongly reduces soil biota and can restrict plant growth and yield. In this review, we discussed our mechanistic understanding of drought and microbial response traits. Additionally, we highlighted the role of beneficial microbes and plant-derived metabolites in alleviating drought stress and improving crop growth. We proposed that future research might focus on evaluating the dynamics of root-beneficial microbes under field drought conditions. The integrative use of ecology, microbial, and molecular approaches may serve as a promising strategy to produce more drought-resilient and sustainable crops.     

白木香2种外植体的组织培养

沉香是国际上极负盛名的药用和香料资源之一。在亚洲许多国家,沉香产业既是传统行业也是发展迅猛的新兴产业。沉香优良种质的大规模应用对沉香产业的可持续发展具有重大意义。因此优良沉香种质资源是近年沉香产业关注的重点和热点,但一些优良种质的品质特性无法通过有性繁殖遗传,大规模繁育存在技术障碍。植物组织培养技术在品种优良性状保持、种子资源保存、快速繁殖等方面具有非常突出的优越性,被广泛应用于中药资源保护和中药产业发展。为建立工业化生产的沉香广谱再生体系,本文以白木香无菌苗和成龄植株的枝条为材料从外植体消毒、丛生芽诱导和生根培养三方面进行组织培养研究。结果表明,通过0.1%多菌灵溶液浸泡3 min,流动水冲洗3 h处理,对采摘自大田的白木香枝条有较好的除菌效果。0.1%升汞溶液消毒6~8 min,可有效保持外植体的成活率。在培养基中适当添加灭菌剂也能有效控制材料染菌。无菌苗茎段丛生芽诱导较易,大田枝条的丛生芽诱导较难。WPM + 20 g/L蔗糖+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA (G₄)有利于无菌苗的丛生芽诱导;1/2 MS+25 g蔗糖+2 mg/L 6-BA+0.01 mg/L NAA (I₃),1/4 MS+20 g/L蔗糖+ 2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA (J₂)和WPM+20 g蔗糖+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.01 mg/L NAA (K₂)有利于成龄植株枝条外植体的丛生芽诱导,将膨大的丛生芽团切割后转接于不含植物生长调节剂的WPM培养基中可促进丛生芽伸长。WPM培养基中添加10~20 g/L蔗糖,并加入0.1~0.5 mg/L NAA可诱导无菌苗和茎段外植体的新芽生根。本研究以沉香2种外植体进行组织培养,成功获得再生植株,为沉香优良种质的无性繁殖提供技术参考。     

Molecular Characterization and Expression Profiles of Myrosinase Gene（RsMyr2） in Radish（Raphanus sativus L.）

Myrosinase is a defense-related enzyme and is capable of hydrolyzing glucosinolates into a variety of compounds, some of which are toxic to pathogens and herbivores. Many studies revealed that a number of important vegetables or oil crops contain the myrosinase-glucosinolate system. However, the related promoter and genomic DNA sequences as well as expression profiles of myrosinase gene remain largely unexplored in radish（Raphanus sativus）. In this study, the 2 798 bp genomic DNA sequence, designated as RsMyr2, was isolated and analyzed in radish. The RsMyr2 consisting of 12 exons and 11 introns reflected the common gene structure of myrosinases. Using the genomic DNA walking approach, the 5′-flanking region upstream of RsMyr2 with length of 1 711 bp was successfully isolated. PLACE and PlantCARE analyses revealed that this upstream region could be the promoter of RsMyr2, which contained several basic cis-regulatory elements including TATA-box, CAAT-box and regulatory motifs responsive to defense and stresses. Furthermore, recombinant pET-RsMyr2 protein separated by SDS-PAGE was identified as myrosinase with mass spectrometry. Real-time PCR analysis showed differential expression profiles of RsMyr2 in leaf, stem and root at different developmental stages（e.g., higher expression in leaf at cotyledon stage and lower in flesh root at mature stage）. Additionally, the RsMyr2 gene exhibited up-regulated expression when treated with abscisic acid（ABA）, methyl jasmonate（MeJA） and hydrogen peroxide（H2O2）, whereas it was down-regulated by wounding（WO） treatment. The findings indicated that the expression of RsMyr2 gene was differentially regulated by these stress treatments. These results could provide new insight into elucidating the molecular characterization and biological function of myrosinase in radish.     

Effect of Crop-Straw Derived Biochars on Pb(Ⅱ) Adsorption in Two Variable Charge Soils

Two variable charge soils were incubated with biochars derived from straws of peanut, soybean, canola, and rice to investigate the effect of the biochars on their chemical properties and Pb（II） adsorption using batch experiments. The results showed soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） and pH significantly increased after 30 d of incubation with the biochars added. The incorporation of the biochars markedly increased the adsorption of Pb（II）, and both the electrostatic and non-electrostatic adsorption mechanisms contributed to Pb（II） adsorption by the variable charge soils. Adsorption isotherms illustrated legume- straw derived biochars more greatly increased Pb（II） adsorption on soils through the non-electrostatic mechanism via the formation of surface complexes between Pb（II） and acid functional groups of the biochars than did non-legume straw biochars. The adsorption capacity of Pb（II） increased, while the desorption amount slightly decreased with the increasing suspension pH for the studied soils, especially in a high suspension pH, indicating that precipitation also plays an important role in immobilizing Pb（II） to the soils.     

林业常用16种杀虫剂对赤眼蜂的急性毒性和安全性评价

采用管测药膜法测定了16种杀虫剂对松毛虫赤眼蜂的急性毒性,并进行安全性评价。急性毒性测定的结果表明:苏云金杆菌、球孢白僵菌、灭幼脲、杀铃脲、甲氧虫酰肼、苦皮藤素对松毛虫赤眼蜂毒性较低,其LR50均高于9.16×10-3mg·cm-2,为低风险性药剂。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、啶虫脒、噻虫啉、辛硫磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉、氟虫腈和阿维菌素对松毛虫赤眼蜂毒性较高,其LR50分别是2.28×10-4、9.81×10-5、5.23×10-5、2.43×10-5、1.39×10-5、4.33×10-6、2.10×10-6和1.92×10-6mg·cm-2,安全性评价均为高风险性和极高风险性。敌敌畏对松毛虫赤眼蜂的毒性最高,其LR50是1.11×10-6mg·cm-2;其次为虫螨腈,LR50是1.31×10-6mg·cm-2,对松毛虫赤眼蜂伤害均较严重。     

AQP-4在抑郁模型大鼠海马区含量的改变

目的探讨抑郁模型大鼠海马区AQP-4含量的改变．方法通过采用慢性不可预见性刺激和孤养相结合的方法,在应激前1天和应激第22天后对大鼠行为学观测,快速断头取海马组织,通过半定量PCR方式观察海马区AQP-4含量的变化．结果发现抑郁大鼠海马区AQP4mRNA的相对含量增加．结论AQP-4既参加调节抑郁模型大鼠海马区内环境,同时对抑郁模型大鼠海马区神经元的凋亡发挥作用,为研究抑郁症的发病机制奠定基础．