关于宠物诊疗行业监管的思考

近几年,宠物诊疗行业在快速发展的同时,也暴露出设施设备较为简陋、人员资质不达标、药品采购和使用不规范、病历处方不规范等诸多问题。然而,宠物诊疗行业的规范经营仅靠行业自律和市场规律调节短期内难以实现,更需要依靠动物卫生监督机构强有力的监管和约束。本文主要结合锡山区宠物诊疗行业监管工作的实践,分析当前宠物诊疗机构存在的问题,提出监管对策,进而探讨在宠物诊疗行业进入快速发展阶段的监管思路,供业内人士做进一步思考和探讨。     

贵州天然豆科牧草——窄叶野豌豆的引种与驯化

对采自贵州省册亨县、三都县的窄叶野豌豆野生种进行了引种驯化。结果表明：其产草量中等，鲜草３７．５～４５ｔ／ｈｍ２，草质优良；生育期短，早熟；种子产量高，收纯净种子５００～６００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。适合在我国南方中亚热带地区同水稻、玉米轮作，也可作为农田填闲作物栽培     

根据个体间蛋白质多位点基因型的比较分析中国黄牛的遗传关系

现行群体间遗传距离的度量方法都以等位基因频率的计算为依据，这些方法的缺点之一是在位点不多，多态笥不高时要求群体有较大的取样个体数目，另外，这些方法所建造的树素图不能反映群体是由混血引起还是由长期进化引起这一问题，针对这些问题，本文提出了以个体间蛋白质多位点基因型比较为基础的群体间遗传距离和群体内基因杂合度的度量方法，以十个主要中国黄牛群体的遗传关系分析为例，比较圆满的解决了上面几个问题。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒实验感染SPF猪外周血单核细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞早期凋亡细胞的观察

采用Ａｎｎｅｘｉｎ Ｖ－ＦＩＴＣ／ＰＩ双染色法,用流式细胞仪检测了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）实验感染ＳＰＦ猪不同时期外周血单核细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞感染Ａｎｎｅｘｉｎ Ｖ－ＦＩＴＣ＾＋／ＰＩ＾－细胞群（早期凋亡细胞群）。结果显示,ＰＲＲＳＶ感染猪外周血单核细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞Ａｎｎｅｘｉｎ Ｖ－ＦＩＴＣ＾＋／ＰＩ＾－细胞群的表达率均明显高于正常对照猪,感染后２４ｈ表达率达最高值。     

桑蚕卵电晕人工孵化技术研究：V.电晕处理蚕种的农村饲育

通过１９９４～１９９６年电晕处理蚕种的农村饲养，得到以下几点认识，在保证卵面消毒和排除孵化不齐因素情况下，电晕蚕种与浸酸蚕种的产量质量无显著差异，专供农用的大板电晕仪存在放电不匀，孵经不齐和孵化率欠高的问题，有待改进，电晕处理蚕种还须进行卵消毒。     

湟中马血清酯酶多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对青海省湟中县９１匹马血清酯酶的多态性进行了研究。结果发现：①湟中马的血清酯酶受ＥＳ＾Ｆ，ＥＳ＾Ｉ，ＥＳ＾Ｓ和ＥＳ＾Ｏ４个等位基因的控制，其基因频率分别为０．４４５０，０．５３３０，０．０１１０和０．０１１０；②在被检湟中马的ＥＳ位点上共发现ＥＳ Ｆ，ＥＳ ＦＩ，ＥＳ Ｉ，ＥＳ ＩＳ和ＥＳ Ｏ五种表型，以ＥＳ ＦＩ为优势表型（４７．２５％）；③ＥＳ等位基因频率无性别差异；④     

肉羊生产配套技术研究报告

探索能扎根农牧区的利用肉羊杂种优势的综合配套技术新途径，通过杂交、育肥、羊群结构等多方面的比较试验，结果：三洛来公羊与当地母羊杂交一次（人工授精，东部农业区宜于8－9月，环湖牧区11月）羔羊生后随母羊放牧、放牧十补饲和全舍饲育肥160－215天，6－7.5月龄时活重27.46－32.17kg，胴体重11.67－15.97kg，比放牧饲养的同龄羔羊胴体重增加2.75－7.17kg，经济效益提高30.83％－81.48％，杂种羔羊9月份体重最高，适宜的屠宰时间是9月底或10月初和每年的2－3月份；肉羊生产的优化羊群结构：成年母羊占存栏羊60％以上，公羊占3％－4％，每年补充小母羊20％以上。试验结果证明：以夏洛来羊杂交组合为主的肉羊生产综合配套技术，在我省东部农业区和环湖牧区是可行的，为提高羊肉产量和质量，增加农牧民收入开辟了新途径，经济、社会和生态效益显著。     

Synergistic effects of Miconazole and Polymyxin B on microbial pathogens

The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.     

Multiple amino acid substitutions are involved in the adaptation of H9N2 avian influenza virus to mice

To explore adaptation of avian influenza virus to mice we previously performed serial lung-to-lung passages of the influenza A/Chicken/Jiangsu/7/2002 (H9N2) strain, resulting in the isolation of a variant influenza strain lethal for mice. We now report that virulence correlates with improved growth characteristics on mammalian cells and extended tissue tropism in vivo. Sequencing of the complete genomes of the wild-type and mouse-adapted viruses revealed 25 amino acid substitutions. Some were found to reiterate known substitutions in human and swine H9N2 influenza isolates. Functions affected include nuclear localization signals and sites of protein and RNA interaction, while others are known determinants of pathogenicity and host specificity such as the viral polymerase PB2 E627K substitution. These observations suggest that enhanced growth characteristics and modified cell tropism may contribute to increased virulence in mice. We conclude that multiple amino acid substitutions are likely to be involved in the adaptation of H9N2 avian influenza virus to mice.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptococcus uberis</Emphasis>-specific T cells are present in mammary gland secretions of cows and can be activated to kill <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. uberis</Emphasis>

The presence, phenotype and function of Streptococcus uberis-specific T cells in the mammary gland secretion (MGS) and blood of cows exposed to S. uberis were assessed. MGS T cells in the udder were purified and incubated with autologous blood monocytes as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Most cows, irrespective of prior S. uberis infection status and lactation status, were shown to have S. uberis-specific T cells both in MGS and in the blood. When cells from a subgroup of cows were studied, it was found that the S. uberis-specific T cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), but low levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10). A high percentage of responding T cells were of the CD8 ⁺ memory (CD45RO) subset. T cells from the MGS specific for S. uberis were propagated from animals during the drying off period and expanded in vitro using interleukin-2 (IL-2) and S. uberis antigens. This led to the accumulation of T cells of the CD8 ⁺ subset bearing memory cell markers (CD45A ⁻ , CD45RO ⁺ ), which released high levels of IFN-γ. Four of the five T cell lines derived from the MGS of three animals had substantial direct killing activity towards S. uberis in vitro. It is concluded that there is an emergence of S. uberis-specific bactericidal T cells in the MGS of cows after infection or environmental exposure to S. uberis. Vaccines aimed at activating and expanding this T cell population in the mammary glands of cattle may offer an avenue for the prevention of mastitis caused by S. uberis.