Multimarker and rare variants genomewide association studies for bone weight in Simmental cattle

Bone weight, defined as the total weight of the bones in all the forequarter and hindquarter joints, can reflect somebody conformation traits and skeletal diseases. To gain a better understanding of the genetic determinants of bone weight, we used a composite strategy including multimarker and rare‐marker association to perform genomewide association studies (GWAS) for that character in Simmental cattle. Our strategy consisted of three models: (i) A traditional linear mixed model (LMM) was applied (Q+K‐LMM); (ii) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p‐values less than .05 from the LMM were selected to undergo the least absolute shrinkage and selector operator (Lasso) in the second stage (LMM‐Lasso); (iii) genes containing two or more rare SNPs were examined by performing the sequence kernel association test (gene‐based SKAT). A total of 1,225 cattle were genotyped with an Illumina BovineHD BeadChip containing 770,000 SNPs. After the quality‐control procedures, 1,217 individuals with 608,696 common SNPs and 105,787 rare SNPs (with 0.001 < minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.05) remained in the sample for analysis. A traditional LMM successfully mapped three genes associated with bone weight, while LMM‐Lasso identified nine genes, which included all genes found by traditional LMM. Only a single gene, EPHB3, surpassed the significance threshold after Bonferroni correction in gene‐based SKAT. In conclusion, based on functional annotation and results from previous endeavours, we believe that LCORL, RIMS2, LAP3, PRKAR2B, CHSY1, MAP2K6 and EPHB3 are candidate genes for bone weight. In general, such a comprehensive strategy for GWAS may be useful for researchers seeking to probe the full genetic architecture underlying economic traits in livestock.     

2018年安徽省部分地区A型禽流感流行率横断面研究

为了解安徽省A型禽流感病毒感染情况,2018年4—5月,在安徽省北部、中部和南部7个市,随机选取各类型场点173个,在每个场点内随机采集35份咽喉/泄殖腔和环境拭子样品,使用荧光RT-PCR进行A型、H5亚型、H7亚型流感病毒核酸检测。结果显示：在4个养殖场、3个活禽批发市场和17个农贸市场检出了A型禽流感病毒,场点阳性率分别为2.9%（4/140）、75.0%（3/4）、80.9%（17/21）,未检出H5和H7亚型流感病毒核酸;A型禽流感群体流行率为11.2%（95%CI：6.5%~15.8%）,个体流行率为1.2%（95%CI：0.9%~1.5%）;活禽交易市场内,禽群感染A型禽流感病毒的风险较高（OR=136,95%CI：32.7~549.4）。结果表明,A型禽流感病毒在养殖和交易环节存在一定的污染,而在活禽交易市场的污染更严重,是今后禽流感防控的重点,需继续加强活禽交易市场的管理和消毒灭源工作。     

酸奶发酵剂菌种的产香物质及发酵特性研究

对分离自不同来源的国内外直投式发酵剂和酸奶中的13株保加利亚乳杆菌和14株嗜热链球菌在乳中的产酸特性、产生乙醛能力、产生双乙酰能力及产黏特性,总结了保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌对不同酸奶品质的影响.结果表明,嗜热链球菌的前期产酸速度比保加利亚乳杆菌的快,发酵酸乳后产酸主要由保加利亚乳杆菌发酵引起;主要风味物质乙醛由保加利亚乳杆菌发酵产生、双乙酰由嗜热链球菌发酵产生;嗜热链球菌的产粘特性明显高于保加利亚乳杆菌的;嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌中,菌株S5、S7、S9、S10、LB5、TK1适宜加工凝固型发酵酸乳;菌株S5、S11、L9、L2、L1、L8、L6适宜生产风味型酸奶.为筛选优良菌株、研制开发优良酸奶及发酵乳饮料发酵剂提供理论指导.     

Serological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the Domestic Goose (Anser domestica) in Southern China

In the present study, the antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in 191 farm‐bred and 83 house‐bred geese (Anser domestica) were assessed for the prevalence of T. gondii infection in southern China with the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii (MAT ≥ 1 : 5) were found in 27 (14.14%) of farm‐bred geese and 14 (16.87%) of house‐bred geese. Geese infected with T. gondii may be a source of T. gondii infection for humans and cats.     

ORF3 of duck circovirus: a novel protein with apoptotic activity

Duck circovirus (DuCV) is classified in the genus Circovirus of the Circoviridae family. Two major open reading frames (ORFs), encoding the replicase (ORF1/rep) and the capsid protein (ORF2/cap), have been recognized for DuCV. Sequence analysis show that another major conserved ORF (named ORF3) is located in the complementary strand of ORF1/rep of DuCV, and its function remains to be investigated. In this study, the ORF3 of DuCV was expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. By IFA and Western blot analysis, the ORF3 protein was positive for the sera from ducks infected with DuCV. The percentages of apoptotic cells of the Sf9 cells infected with the recombinant baculovirus encoding ORF3 of DuCV were significantly higher than (P<0.05) that of the Sf9 cells infected with wild-type baculovirus at 24, 48 and 72 h postinfection. Based on our knowledge, we deduced that the ORF3 protein of DuCV might play an important role in viral pathogenesis via its apoptotic activity.     

“以畜控草”与新疆草畜平衡管理的探讨

长期以来,社会各界及业内都把"以草定畜"视为对天然草地放牧管理与生态保护和建设的终极目标,"以草定畜"似乎已被广泛认同,但是,在草原牧区实现"以草定畜"依然任重道远。在新疆天山北坡,同地带、同一类型的山地草甸草地,在夏季与冬季两种不同放牧利用制度下,植被成分差异显著,在冬季放牧利用制度下,山地草甸草地植被成分中,阔叶杂类草及小灌木明显增多,牧草再生性减弱;而在夏季放牧利用制度下,植被成分中小杂类草与禾本科牧草明显增多,牧草再生性增强;在降水量较丰富的中山带,禁牧封育2～3年后,植被成分中饲用价值低、家畜不宜采食的粗大杂类草明显增多。"以畜控草"应该成为更加积极的草地管理态度和方式。在目前天然草地放牧量难以较大幅度减控的情况下,通过"以畜控草",可以既保持草地植被健康状况又有利于草原畜牧业的发展,这对于实施牧民定居与冷季舍饲的新疆草原牧区,具有极为重要的现实意义。     

日粮营养水平对西杂育成母牛日粮消化能和粪能排出量的影响

为了研究日粮营养水平(精料进食水平)对肉牛日粮消化能和粪能排出量的影响,试验选用体况良好、体重一致(347 kg±25 kg)的杂交后备母牛(西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀))16头,随机分为4组,即处理Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组,每组4头,各试验组日粮精料进食量分别为1.5、2.5、3.5和4.5 kg,粗料(青贮)自由采食。总试验期为30 d,预饲期20 d后进入正试期,试验期最后7 d全收集粪样。结果表明:不同日粮处理间全消化道蛋白质、淀粉的表观消化量和日粮消化能有显著差异(P<0.05),并随日粮营养水平(精料进食水平)的增加而增加,但不同日粮处理间中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观可消化量没有差异,粪中能量的排出量也没有明显差异(P>0.05)。日粮可消化有机物与消化能的进食量呈直线强相关,即消化能DE(MJ/d)=0.669+18.476 DOM(kg/d)(R2=0.999 6,n=4)。     

水禽消化生理的研究进展

本文从食糜排空、消化道pH、消化酶以及微生物区系方面对水禽消化生理进行了阐述,并总结出水禽消化生理特性。     

笼养朱鹮非繁殖期昼间行为活动时间分配

采用即时取样和扫描法对河南董寨国家级自然保护区3个朱鹮笼舍的3对朱鹮行为进行了45 d,计585 h的观察。结果显示：（1）朱鹮非繁殖期昼间各行为休息（40.12%）占比例最大,其次是理羽（17.45%）、刨啄（14.03%）、运动（12.32%）、取食（11.30%）、剧烈运动（3.99%）、水浴（0.54%）、其他（0.26%）。（2）朱鹮活动呈一定的节律性,休息的2个显著高峰分别在6：00和18：00,另外2个小高峰分别在10：00和14：00;运动小高峰在12：00;取食2个显著高峰分别在9：00和15：00;理羽有4个小高峰,分别在7：00、10：00、14：00和17：00;水浴的2个高峰分别在13：00和14：00;刨啄的2个高峰分别在12：00和16：00。（3）两性昼间行为峰值也存在着一些差异,雌鸟和雄鸟相比之下,运动早,中午休息少,洗浴早,创啄多,取食强度较小。     

养猪生产中"肺肠同制"理论与替抗实践

在“禁抗”的大背景下,人们必须改变与病原微生物打交道的策略,从以往通过抗生素的“打打杀杀”到“和谐共处”。文章根据中医传统“肺与大肠相表里”理论,探索替抗的“肺肠同制”技术路径,并阐明只有替抗产品与替抗管理同时进行,才能够真正实现使用“替抗”方法与抗生素使用时达到同样、乃至更好的效果。