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951.
Changes in insecticide susceptibilities and detoxifying enzyme activities were measured in a strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch following repeated exposure to the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. Twelve consecutive selection at the LC60 of the parental strain increased resistance from 8.58 to 91.45 fold. The interaction of some synergists [piperonyl butoxide,
triphenyl phosphate and S-benzyl-O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate (IBP)] with chlorpyrifos was analyzed in the selected strain. Solely IBP showed a low synergistic
effect with chlorpyrifos. The selected strain also demonstrated resistance against abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and
fenpyroximate. The mode of resistance inheritance to chlorpyrifos was found to be incompletely dominant, and not sex-linked.
Non-specific esterase enzyme activity was raised from 19.35 to 33.59 mOD/min/mg proteins during the selection period and it
was observed that esterase band intensities visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis increased. This study has investigated
the selection of resistance to chlorpyrifos and documented resistance to abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate
in Turkish T. urticae. Esterase enzymes may be playing a role in chlorpyrifos resistance while glutathione S-transferase (GST) and P450 enzymes
do not appear to have any significant involvement. 相似文献
952.
Nitrogen inputs from biological nitrogen fixation contribute to productivity and sustainability of agroforestry systems but
they need to be able to offset export of N when trees are harvested. This study assessed magnitudes of biological nitrogen
fixation (natural 15N abundance) and N balance of Acacia mangium woodlots grown in farmer’s fields, and determined if N2 fixation capacity was affected by tree age. Tree biomass, standing litter, understory vegetation and soil samplings were
conducted in 15 farmer’s fields growing A. mangium as a form of sequential agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The trees corresponded to ages of 4, 6,
8, 10 and 12 years, and were replicated three times. Samples from different plant parts and soils (0–100 cm) were collected
and analyzed for δ15N and nutrients. The B-value, needed as a reference of isotopic discrimination when fully reliant on atmospheric N, was generated by growing A. mangium in an N2-free sand culture in the glasshouse. Isotopic discrimination occurring during N2 fixation and metabolic processes indicated variation of δ15N values in the order of nodules > old leaves > young leaves > stems > litterfall and roots of the trees grown in the field,
with values ranging from −0.8 to 3.5‰ except nodules which were enriched and significantly different from other plant parts
(P < 0.0001). Isotopic discrimination was not affected by tree age (P > 0.05). Plants grown in N free sand culture exhibited the same pattern of isotopic discrimination as plants grown in the
field. The estimated B-value for the whole plant of A. mangium was −0.86‰. Mature tree stands of 12 years accumulated up to 1994 kg N ha−1 in aboveground biomass. Average proportion of N derived from N2 fixation of A. mangium was 54% (±22) and was not affected by age (P > 0.05). Average yearly quantities of N2 fixed were 128 kg N ha−1 in above-ground biomass amounting to 1208 kg N fixed ha−1 over 12 years. Harvest of 12-year old trees removed approximately 91% of standing aboveground biomass from the site as timber
and fuel wood. The resulting net N balance was +151 kg N ha−1 derived from remaining leaves, twigs, standing litter, and +562 kg N ha−1 when tree roots were included in the calculation. The fast growing A. mangium appears to be a viable fallow option for managing N in these systems. However, other nutrients have to be replaced by using
part of the timber and fuel wood sales to compensate for large amounts of nutrient removed in order for the system to be sustainable. 相似文献
953.
Faidherbia albida is an ideal agroforestry tree commonly intercropped with annual crops like millet and groundnuts in the dry and densely populated areas of Africa. With its peculiar reverse phenology, it makes growth demands at a different time from that of crops. In addition, it deposits great amount of organic fertilizer on food crops. Leaves entering soils are comparable to fertilization of almost 50 t·ha 1 ·year 1 of manure in dense stands of 50 large trees per ha. These nutrients help maximize agricultural production and reduce the need for a fallow period on poorer soils. Research has shown that millet grown under F. albida yielded 2.5 and 3.4 fold increases in grain and protein, respectively. Animals eat pods which contain mean amounts of crude protein of 20.63% and carbohydrate of 40.1% in seeds. Moreover, the continued existence of F. albida in agroforestry parklands as in Ethiopia and Mali signifies the success of traditional conservation measures. Modern scientists have also developed much interest in the role of agroforestry in maintaining long-term biological balance between agriculture and livestock production systems. To ensure food security, which still remains a major challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, and concurrently minimize environmental degradation, promotion of agroforestry that specifically involves indigenous trees is crucial. We discuss the prospective role of F. albida in alleviating poverty while simultaneously protecting the environment from factors associated with, for example, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. The overall aim is to promote wide-scale adoption of F. albida as a valuable tree crop in farming systems, particularly in those areas where it remains unexploited. 相似文献
954.
Evaluating the durability of wood-based panels using internal bond strength results from accelerated aging treatments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study, the durability of wood-based panels was evaluated by comparing the internal bond (IB) strength retention after
five different laboratory-based accelerated aging tests with the IB retention after 5 years of outdoor exposure in Shizuoka
City. In each accelerated aging test, the IB retention of MDI-bonded panels showed high retention compared to other panels.
Outdoor exposure in Shizuoka City resulted in an IB retention value for particleboard (PF) and oriented strandboard (aspen)
of less than 10% after the 5-year exposure period. Medium-density fiberboards maintained their initial IB strength over the
same period. Calculation of the mean IB retention for all board types allowed comparison of the severity of aging between
the accelerated test methods and outdoor exposure. The ASTM six-cycle test method was the most severe among the standard treatment
cycles applied. 相似文献
955.
956.
长白山自然保护区保护效果评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用生活型谱、物种丰富度Margalef指数和多样性Simposon指数,对长白山自然保护区北坡海拔800~1000m的阔叶红松林1963年和2006年的主林层与林下草本植物组成及多样性进行对比分析,评价该区保护措施的效果,为科学管理规划保护区提供科学依据。1963—2006年,禁止砍伐等保护措施的实施,基本保存了乔木层的相对稳定,主林层物种组成和多样性变化不显著。但保护区对人类林下活动控制管理不力:红松籽掠夺式的采收活动影响了红松的种源更新;采集野菜、中草药和打松籽等人类生产活动对林下植被干扰破坏较大。草本层丰富度和多样性显著下降,地面芽植物和地上芽植物的物种数和相对物种数比例都降低。提议加强自然保护区内管理和规划,改变生物多样性减少的趋势,实现生物资源的可持续利用。 相似文献
957.
以毛竹幼苗为材料,通过测定在不同浓度(0、50、100、150 mmol.L-1)NaCl胁迫条件下的幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数及生理指标的影响,结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的增加,毛竹幼苗的植株生长量、苗高生长量呈显著下降的趋势;与对照相比,NaCl胁迫条件下,毛竹幼苗叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著降低,PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)显著降低。低NaCl浓度(50 mmol.L-1)胁迫下,光化学淬灭(qP)与对照无显著差异,高NaCl浓度(100~150 mmol.L-1)胁迫下,qP显著下降。非光化学淬灭(NPQ)无显著差异;毛竹叶片的叶绿素含量在低NaCl浓度胁迫下,与对照无显著差异,高NaCl浓度胁迫下,显著降低;各个NaCl浓度处理下的毛竹叶片脯氨酸含量均有显著差异。 相似文献
958.
基于GIS的老挝-中国边境土地适用性评估 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对老挝-中国边境林地使用变更进行了评估,并提出了茶叶的土地适用性。建立一个综合的基于GIS的分析系统(IGAS),该系统支持老挝-中国边境的林地使用和土地适用性的评估研究。采用多标准分析和系统动态技术评估林地使用和土地适用性,同时预测了潜在的茶叶用地。收集到的土地数据和数据分析表明,整体研究区域为10325.07 km2,当前的森林覆被由1992年的6337.33 km2(占61.38%)减少到2002年的5106.28 km2(占49.46%)。当前的森林主要被转为潜在林地和专门的永久农业用地,甚至国家生物多样性保护区域被转为橡胶种植区。林地使用转变的主要原因是贫穷。为了解决这个问题,根据多标准方法,我们对研究区域中适用茶叶种植土地提出了2种分类方案。 相似文献
959.
960.