栗属分子生物学研究进展

壳斗科(Fagaceae)栗属(Castanea)植物的7个种分布广泛,不仅可用于木材生产,而且在坚果生产上也占有独特地位。基于形态学、同工酶、子叶储藏蛋白和RAPD数据,通过对分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美的栗属植物的遗传多样性研究表明中国板栗(Castaneamollissima)是世界栗属植物的原始种,长江流域是中国板栗的遗传多样性中心,土耳其是欧洲板栗的起源中心之一。在分子标记辅助育种方面,已发表了基于形态学、同工酶、RAPD和ISSR数据的两张栗属植物的遗传连锁图谱,其中一个是用欧洲板栗种内杂交后代F1全部单株构建的,另一张是用美洲板栗与中国板栗种间杂交后代F2单株构建的,并已经定位了3个假定的栗疫病抗性位点;并且证明在多年生木本果树上同工酶基因可通过连锁关系分析与形态基因整合为1个单一基因图而无需另外的杂交。从栗属植物中已分离纯化了包括可抑制HIV-1反转录酶活性的Mollisin在内的几丁质酶等抗真菌蛋白、胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、热击蛋白、红血球凝集素、脱水素、花粉过敏原等功能蛋白质,并已经克隆了包括伤害应答基因在内的部分功能蛋白质相关基因。因此,作为具有独特性质的栗属植物,有必要开展更多的研究,就此本文对栗属植物遗传多样性、分子标记辅助育种和功能蛋白纯化和有关基因克隆等几方面的研究进展进行了总结,希望能位同行提供参考。     

miR-21:生成、表达调控及对其细胞凋亡的影响

凋亡是细胞的一种基本生物学现象,在机体生命过程中发挥着重要作用。miRNAs是在真核生物内发现的一类长度约22个核苷酸的内源性非编码单链小RNA,通过调控靶基因的表达参与调控细胞的凋亡、分化、增殖、侵袭和代谢。大量的研究表明,miR-21作为miRNAs重要成员之一,与细胞凋亡有重要联系。本文将从miR-21的生成、表达调控及对细胞凋亡的影响方面进行综述。     

蔬菜高效施药装置药量专家系统测试

为了满足蔬菜高效施药的精确性和便捷性,借助信息技术手段将专家知识库存贮在单片机芯片中,通过快捷的选择调用达到蔬菜高效施药的目的。本文介绍了高效施药装置专家系统的工作原理,并通过试验验证了其理论施药量和实际控制值具有较好的一致性。     

Enzymatic treatment on cotton fibers: degradation kinetics of pectin and influence of shape change on adsorption

Alkaline pectinase was one of the most effective enzymes to treat cotton as alternative agent to replace the conventional alkaline method. Removal of pectin and cutin was considered the explanation for improvement of wettability as well as water adsorption on cotton fiber. However, degradation kinetics of pectin is unclear, and the influence of fiber shape on property changes after enzymatic treatment was ignored. The main objective of this work was to reveal interactions between pectinase and cotton fiber for mechanism study. A heterogeneous catalysis kinetic equation, which is associated with Langmuir adsorption model and enzyme deactivation, was used to describe the heterogeneous catalysis. The enzymatic process conditions were optimized. Raw cotton fibers, pectinase-treated and alkali-treated fibers were characterized by impurities content determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanism of water adsorption enhancement on treated fibers was discussed. In addition to elimination of the outer impurities, flat fibers with less twist and shape changes of lumen were also obtained to ensure better accessibility and water adsorption after enzymatic treatment.     

QTL mapping for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content in a population of Capsicum annuum ‘NB1’ × Capsicum chinense ‘Bhut Jolokia’

Capsaicinoids are pungent compounds used for industrial and medical purposes including food, medicine and cosmetics. The Indian local variety ‘Bhut Jolokia’ (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is one of the world's hottest chilli peppers. It produces more than one million Scoville heat units (SHUs) in total capsaicinoids. In this study, our goal was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for the high content of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in ‘Bhut Jolokia’. Capsicum annuum ‘NB1’, a Korean pepper inbred line containing 14 000 SHUs, was used as a maternal line. An F₂ population derived by crossing between ‘NB1’ and ‘Bhut Jolokia’ was generated to map QTLs for capsaicinoids content. A total of 234 markers, including 201 HRM, 21 SSR, 2 CAPS and 10 gene‐based markers of the capsaicinoid synthesis pathway, were mapped. The final map covered a total distance of 1175.2 cM and contained 12 linkage groups corresponding to the basic chromosome number of chilli pepper. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content were analysed in 175 F₂ pepper fruits using the HPLC method. The maximum total capsaicinoids content was 1389 mg per 100g DW (dry weight), and the minimum content was 11 mg per 100g DW. Two QTLs (qcap3.1 and qcap6.1) for capsaicin content were identified on LG3 and LG6, and two QTLs (qhdc2.1 and qdhc2.2) for dihydrocapsaicin content were located on LG2. We did not detect QTLs for total capsaicinoids content. The QTL positions for capsaicin content were different from those for dihydrocapsaicin content. These results indicate that the complexity of selecting for more pungent chilli peppers must be considered in a chilli pepper breeding programme. The QTL‐linked markers identified here will be helpful to develop more pungent pepper varieties from ‘Bhut Jolokia’, a very hot pepper.     

甘南牦牛繁育技术

通过对甘南牦牛品种选育、选配、杂交改良、配种、饲养管理等关键技术的规范,提高甘南牦牛繁殖率与供种能力,为甘南牦牛的科学繁育提供技术支撑,推动甘南牦牛产业高质量发展。     

Determining the bioavailability of contaminants and assessing the quality of sediments

Background, Aims and Scope  

Our study determined if and when an avoidance or attraction behavioural response would be displayed by Ilyanassa obsoleta when presented with a choice between harbour and reference sediments. Our goal was to develop a non-lethal approach that could be used in future assessments of the environmental quality of field sediments.     

Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops

Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the inter-relationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.     

番茄资源材料的品质分析

观测分析了12份引进番茄新材料的主要品质指标。结果表明,材料间可溶性固形物含量、总酸度、番茄红素含量、VC含量差异明显,T31果实的番茄红素含量达到加工番茄标准;材料间外观品质在果面、果脐、生长习性上差异较小。综合表现较好的是PI120256、PI174263和T31,最差的是SnowWhite。GoldenRoma、VitaGold、HighCaroteneTM928、Sapho、HealthKick的利用价值有待进一步研究。     

威尔伯在幼林抚育中的应用研究

以红松、红皮云杉、长白落叶松造林地为对象,利用化学制剂威尔伯进行幼林抚育试验,结果表明:450 ml·hm-2剂量除草效果最差,仅有12%,在生产上无应用价值;450 ml·hm-2剂量有一定的除草效果,但不明显,持效期也短;1 125 ml·hm-2剂量无论除草效果还是除草速率都优于450 ml·hm-2和750 ml·hm-2。长白落叶松对威尔伯敏感,不能应用。化学除草抚育较人工抚育更能促进幼树生长,而且费用较低。