实验动物质量检测要求及方法概述

简述了有关实验动物质量检测方法的种类,重点介绍了寄生虫和微生物(细菌、病毒、真菌)检测的操作方法。     

废渣固态发酵生产酵母蛋白质饲料及其产业化发展措施

文章综述了近几年来采用废渣固态发酵技术生产酵母蛋白质饲料的研究进展,对其应用前景和产业化发展措施进行了探讨,并提出制订固态发酵产的酵母粉的质量评估指标与质量标准,以规范该产品的生产、品管和销售市场。     

孕牛血清中早孕因子的分离纯化

采用DEAE－Sepharose(DEAE-琼脂糖凝胶）、CM－Sepharose(CM-琼脂糖凝胶）等离子交换层析、抗孕牛全血清IgG-Sepharose 4B亲和层析等技术，分离纯化妊娠4－5个月健康孕牛全血清中的早孕因子（EPF），用玫瑰花环抑制实验对各阶段产物EPF活性进行检测。结果表明，经层析过柱后的CM－ⅡA提取物有EPF活性。经SDS－PAGE银染显色证实它含有分子量为21、67、80KD的蛋白，实验结果支持21KD的多肽为主要EPF活性物成分。同时实验表明了亲和层析对进一步纯化EPF是可行的。     

Identification of lactic acid bacteria in the feces of dairy cows fed whole crop maize silage to assess the survival of silage bacteria in the gut

In order to assess the survival of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in whole crop maize silage in the gut of dairy cows, one representative silage sample and three different feces samples were collected from dairy cows on three dairy farms in Hua Bei, China and three dairy farms in Kyushu, Japan. The composition of the bacterial community was examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Lactobacillus acetotolerans was detected in all bunker‐made maize silage samples, regardless of the dairy farm or sampling region from which they were sourced. A total of eight LAB species were detected in the maize silage samples, of which three (L. acetotolerans, L. pontis and L. casei) appeared to survive digestion. The populations of L. acetotolerans in silage and feces were 10^6–7 and 10^3–4 copies/g, respectively, indicating that, even for the LAB species showing potential survival in the gut, competition in this niche may be harsh and the population may substantially decrease during the digestion process. It may be difficult for silage LAB to survive in the gut of silage‐fed dairy cows, because marked decrease in population can take place during the digestion process, even for surviving species.     

中国荷斯坦牛初产日龄遗传评估及全基因组关联分析

基于高通量SNPs测序的全基因组关联分析为奶牛繁殖性状相关基因的探索提供了契机。本研究基于课题组前期中国荷斯坦牛基因组测序芯片的结果,通过DMU(v 6.0)采用AI-REML结合EM算法的动物模型对北京地区2001-2011年10年间19 111头中国荷斯坦母牛初产日龄记录进行遗传参数估计,并应用PLINK(v 1.07)将大群估计的2 172头中国荷斯坦母牛初产日龄性状的育种值(EBV)作为表型值,进行基于无关群体设计的全基因组关联分析。通过全基因组水平的Bonferroni校正,共检测到1 700个SNPs与初产日龄显著相关。选取P值达到10-15的43个SNPs进行初步分析,其中12个位于X染色体上。显著SNPs上下游200kb范围内存在KLHL4、TRAM1、TRAM2、ZNF438、MATK等繁殖障碍疾病相关基因。7号染色体1 Mb(20.42~21.52 Mb)区域内多个SNPs位点与初产日龄显著相关。这些基因和区域可以作为影响初产日龄性状的重要候选基因和区域,为揭示奶牛繁殖性状的分子遗传基础积累了素材。     

蜂蜜中果糖含量近红外光谱试验研究

以68份蜂蜜样品为材料,利用傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术（NIR）结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）,建立了蜂蜜中果糖含量的近红外光谱数学模型,并对模型预测结果进行评价。结果表明,选择11065．36cm^-1～7857．90cm^-1波数范围内的光谱,进行SG预处理方法,用8个主成分建立的蜂蜜果糖含量模型效果最好,模型相关系数、校正均方差和预测均方差分别为0．9259、1．21和1．64。该方法具有快速、准确、成本低等特点。     

Computer image analysis of intramuscular adipocytes and marbling in the longissimus muscle of cattle

The deposition of fat in muscle, recognized by the consumer as marbling, is an important meat quality trait. The objective of the study was to provide additional insights into the quantitative extent of marbling by means of computer image analysis. Fifty-one F(2) generation German Holstein and Charolais crossbreed cattle, 18 mo of age, were used to determine relationships among marbling traits, adipocyte size, and the amount of adipose tissue in different depots. Differences were recorded among the size of i.m. adipocytes in different groups of marbling flecks, divided according to the location in the muscle cross-section and to the size of the marbling flecks. The results showed positive correlation between i.m. adipocyte size and the weight of s.c. fat, intestinal fat, omental fat, and perirenal fat (r = 0.50, 0.61, 0.70, and 0.63, respectively, P < 0.001). The i.m. adipocyte size was correlated with i.m. fat content, number of marbling flecks, proportion of marbling fleck area, and total length of marbling flecks (r = 0.71, 0.44, 0.62, and 0.55, respectively, P < 0.01). The number of marbling flecks was also correlated with i.m. fat content, proportion of marbling fleck area, and total length of marbling flecks (r = 0.58, 0.62, and 0.91, P < 0.01, respectively). The ventral marbling flecks had a 5-fold larger fleck area, 4-fold more adipocytes, and larger adipocytes (P < 0.001). Larger marbling flecks contained larger adipocytes (P < 0.001). Moreover, compared with the small marbling flecks, there was a 48-fold larger fleck area and 26-fold more adipocytes in the large marbling flecks. The results indicate that i.m. fat deposition increases concurrently with the other fat depots but is still independent. Furthermore, the i.m. fat is preferentially deposited in the ventral area of LM. Although the i.m. adipocyte size has an important effect on the traits of marbling flecks, cell number plays a greater role in i.m. fat deposition than cell size.     

家蚕消化液对几种外源性酶活性的影响

通过体外试验和经口添食试验表明,家蚕消化液对纤维素酶和果胶酶具有明显的 抑制作用.分析认为,这是由于消化液的强碱性或消化液中存在的蛋白酶的分解作用 所致.因此,利用外源性消化酶的可能途径是先经酶促反应,将大量纤维素或果胶等 转变成可吸收利用的还原糖形态,然后进行给饵.     

人工践踏对无土草坪基质的影响

本试验采用人工践踏的方式,研究了不同组合配比的基质对无土草坪耐践踏性的影响。结果表明,良好的无土草坪基质配比及适合的厚度是保证无土草坪优良的耐践踏性及观赏性的关键。本试验中,草坪草生长基质层和弹性材料层均为25 mm,结构合理、厚度适中,克服了现有草坪基质薄、持水力差的缺点。在相同践踏强度下,能维持较高水平的草层高度、草坪盖度和草坪草分蘖数,分别达到了5.14 cm、97.60%和123.97 个·dm-2,且停止践踏后草坪质量能快速恢复。均匀混合的草坪草生长基质层和弹性材料层,在厚度一致的前提下并不耐践踏,实际效果不好。土壤坪床的处理效果最差。因此,具有独立的草坪草生长基质层和弹性材料层且厚度适中的基质,适用于生产耐践踏性好的无土草坪。     

翻耕短期内对草原土壤呼吸的影响

以呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究对象,研究不同翻耕深度(10cm和20cm)对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:翻耕短期内明显加速土壤呼吸速率,且随着翻耕深度的增加而增加。在翻耕后15d内,翻耕10cm和翻耕20cm处理的土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为3.79μmol CO2/m2/s和4.78μmol CO2/m2/s,分别是天然草地的1.33和1.68倍,这种影响持续一段时间后趋于稳定。在翻耕30d后,不同处理的土壤呼吸速率间差距明显减小,天然草地、翻耕10cm和翻耕20cm处理的土壤呼吸速率,在翻耕后第30~47d内测定的平均值分别为2.23μmol CO2/m2/s、1.90μmol CO2/m2/s、2.14μmol CO2/m2/s。