Effect of gut stress induced by oxidized wheat gluten on the growth performance,gut morphology and oxidative states of broilers

This study was to investigate the effect of oxidized wheat gluten (OG) on growth performance, gut morphology and its oxidative states of broilers. One hundred and eighty‐day‐old male broilers (10 chicks/pen) were randomly allocated into three dietary treatments: control diet (CON), diet with 8% wheat gluten (WG) and diet with 8% OG with six pens/treatment. Body weight (BW) (21 and 35 days) and average daily gain (ADG) (1–21 days and 22–35 days) decreased (p < .05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1–21 days and 22–35 days) increased (p < .05) in OG treatment. Feed intake (FI) decreased (p < .05) in WG and OG treatments during 22–35 days. However, FI was not influenced by dietary treatments during 1–21 days (p > .05). The OG‐fed broilers had a lower faecal pH value (p < .05) and higher faecal moisture content (p < 05) at 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Villus height, crypt depth and V/C value were not different (p > .05) among treatments at 21 and 35 days. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) (21 and 35 days) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (35 days) content in crop of OG treatment increased (p < .05). Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (21 days), LPO (21 and 35 days) and MDA (21 and 35 days) content in ileum of OG treatment increased (p < .05). The reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) (21 days) and (GSH) (35 days) in ileum of OG treatment decreased (p < .05). The present findings indicate that OG might be a stressor for broiler gut, which could induce oxidative stress both in crop and in ileum, and the diarrhoea as well. The growth performance of broiler was consequently depressed.     

补饲水平对甘肃高山细毛羊生产性能的影响

为了探讨补饲水平对高寒牧区甘肃高山细毛羊生产性能的影响,本研究选择12月龄甘肃高山细毛后备母羊48只,随机分为补饲Ⅰ组(颗粒饲料)、Ⅱ组[玉米(Zea mays)和苜蓿(Medicago sativa)干草]、Ⅲ组[玉米、苜蓿干草和燕麦(Avena sativa)干草]和对照组(不补饲),进行冬春季"放牧"+"补饲"试验,比较了后备母羊体重,剪毛量,毛纤维长度、细度、白度、强度和伸度等物理指标。结果表明,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组试验羊平均日增重分别比对照组高148.29%、133.09%、96.76%;剪毛量各组之间差异不显著(P0.05);自然长度和伸直长度对照组均极显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.01),且自然长度Ⅰ组极显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P0.01),伸直长度Ⅲ组极显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.01),Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);细度(直径)Ⅰ组最大,Ⅰ组极显著高于对照组(P0.01),且显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05);白度Ⅰ组最高,Ⅰ组显著高于对照组(P0.05),其他各组之间均差异不显著(P0.05);强度和伸度补饲组均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),且强度Ⅰ组极显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.01),伸度Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05)。由此可见,补饲对体重、羊毛品质都有显著正向影响,高寒牧区冬春季节牧草营养缺乏,为了满足羊只营养需要,使甘肃高山细毛羊后备母羊能在1.5岁进行配种繁殖,在冷季放牧的基础上补饲1号料为最佳选择。     

拮抗草坪蘑菇圈生防菌剂的关键发酵工艺及优化

为获得草坪蘑菇圈病原菌拮抗生防菌剂的优化参数,本研究以拮抗蘑菇圈病原-肉褐麟小伞菌(Lepiota brunneo-incarnata)的黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)CP01为目的菌,对其分别进行液、固态发酵条件的优化。通过单因素试验优化发酵时间、培养温度、培养基类型及初始pH等条件,对最佳液态发酵条件进行筛选;并通过单因素试验优化培养物料、外源养分、发酵时间和温度等条件,对最佳固态发酵条件进行筛选。结果表明:液体发酵条件下,马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基(PDB)中菌丝体干重含量最高,而在青秸秆粉浸提液培养基(CSE)中有效菌数最高,且该发酵液对蘑菇圈病原的抑菌效果最佳,培养基最适初始pH为5、最佳发酵条件为30℃、5d;在固态发酵条件下,最适发酵培养物料为经浸提法去营养化的青秸秆粉,外源添加养分为料水比1∶50的青秸秆粉浸提液,最适发酵条件为33℃、9d。以上优化参数为草坪蘑菇圈生防菌剂的研发奠定了基础。     

紫花苜蓿9个盐响应相关基因表达模式

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)是世界上种植面积最大、应用最广泛的豆科牧草。由于其耐盐性中等,其在我国北方地区的产量和种植受到土壤盐渍化的限制。因此提高紫花苜蓿的耐盐性具有重要的科学和生产意义。为此,以龙牧801紫花苜蓿(M.sativa‘Longmu 801’)为试验材料,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了不同浓度NaCl胁迫下9个盐胁迫蛋白质组筛选出的盐响应相关基因的表达模式。结果显示,处理时间和处理浓度对9个基因的相对表达量均有显著性影响,表明这9个基因均在紫花苜蓿盐胁迫应答中发挥着一定作用。处理1h时,G6PI、ABP19a、Trx-h1、PR bet 1、FBPA、6PGDH和ALDH这7个基因的相对表达量在不同NaCl胁迫浓度处理的紫花苜蓿中均显著上调,RRM和GDPD在NaCl处理2h后开始上调。除G6PI基因,其他8个基因在0.4%NaCl处理下相对表达量显著高于0.2%和0.8%NaCl处理。这些基因参与糖代谢、信号转导和胁迫响应。以上结果表明,紫花苜蓿的耐盐性极其复杂,涉及到多基因的表达和代谢通路的调控。研究结果有助于全面研究并了解紫花苜蓿的盐响应相关基因的表达模式,促进紫花苜蓿耐盐分子育种。     

紫花苜蓿细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的初步定位

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)不育系MS-GN-1A为母本,恢复系MS178为父本组合构建BSA分离群体,获得的F1代均表现为雄性可育,在大田种植了221株F2代群体单株,盛花期将花粉颗粒染色后,显微镜下观察统计出,不育的F2代株数为57,可育F2代株数164,并没有观察到半不育植株。将所有植株划分为可育和不育两组,并构建可育和不育DNA混池,混池DNA从可育和不育植株组DNA中各随机抽取20个样品,以此对恢复基因定位。随机挑选160对已知的四倍体苜蓿SSR引物扩增基因池DNA,获得2个具有多态性的分子标记,分别是Mt2c12、AW166,初步定位Rf基因在类群Composite5上。将类群Composite5上的所有引物进行合成,进一步进行引物筛选,最终获得4个具有多态性的标记BI68、Mt2c12、BG267和AW776153,遗传距离分别为19.0、20.9、44.6和72.1cM。     

过量使用抗倒酯对海滨雀稗草坪生长的影响

抗倒酯(Trinexapac-ethyl,TE)具有抑制草坪垂直生长,减少修剪频率的作用,近年来被广泛应用于高尔夫球场草坪,但常常因为过量使用而造成草坪伤害。为此,本研究分别对3种抗倒酯类产品(P、M、N)设置常规浓度(1mL·L~(-1))、中高浓度(1.5mL·L~(-1))、特高浓度(2mL·L~(-1))、超高浓度(10mL·L~(-1)),通过比较其对海滨雀稗(Paspalum vaginatum)草坪草屑量、生物量、颜色、密度、生长速度的影响,为抗倒酯产品的合理使用提供参考依据。结果表明,与清水对照相比,产品P、M、N在常规浓度下,草屑量分别下降70.0%、78.5%、80.0%,生长速度分别下降66.0%、51.5%、53.6%;超高浓度下,草屑量分别下降82.2%、87.8%、81.3%,生长速度分别下降71.1%、72.2%、83.6%,浓度越高下降幅度越大,但不同浓度处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。不同浓度处理对生物量影响也不显著。P、M、N这3种产品超高浓度处理使草坪草颜色分别从常规浓度处理的7.9、7.9、8.0分下降到7.3、7.2、7.2分,使草坪草密度分别从常规浓度处理的8.1、8.1、8.2分下降到7.5、7.4、7.4分。综合分析得出,在1 mL·L~(-1)常规浓度下,产品P对草坪生长速度抑制最强,且对草屑量、草坪颜色和密度影响较小,调控效果最好。过量使用抗倒酯不仅抑制效果不再明显,还会降低草坪质量。     

温度和水分对赖草种子萌发的影响

利用聚乙二醇(PEG)试剂室内模拟不同干旱(0、-0.10、-0.20、-0.40、-0.80、-1.60 MPa)和温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)环境条件,对西藏班戈县野生型赖草(Leymus secalinus)种子萌发特性进行研究。结果表明,赖草种子在恒温10~30℃和变温10~30℃均能萌发.恒温25℃处理下,种子萌发达到了最佳响应;恒温15℃和变温20/30℃处理对赖草种子发芽率具有显著影响(P0.05),而恒温10和30℃对赖草种子发芽率具有极显著影响(P0.05);随着PEG渗透势的增加,赖草种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和胚芽长均出现了不同程度的下降现象,而胚根则表现为先升后降的变化现象。25℃和蒸馏水处理下,野生赖草种子萌发效果最佳;而在25℃和-0.10~0 MPa渗透势处理下,赖草种子胚根优于胚芽生长。     

Impact of cold-season grazing and supplementary feeding on rumen metabolic parameters and micro-organisms in the ewes of Gansu Alpine Fine Wool Sheep北大核心CSCD

An experiment was conducted to scientifically identify the appropriate feed for Gansu Alpine Fine Wool ewes in order to change the animals' breeding mode, which currently can only be mated at the age of 2.5 years due to insufficient nutritional supply. The experiment selected 48 12-month-old ewes and randomly divided them into group a (Diet 1), group b (Diet 2), group c (Diet 3), and a control group with no supplementary feeding. The feed test was run for 90 days. The rumen pH of groups a and b were very significantly higher (P<0.01) or group c significantly lower (P<0.05) than control group. The rumen ammonia nitrogen, protein nitrogen and total nitrogen of groups a, b and c were all higher than control group (P<0.01). The total volatile fatty acids of group a and b were all higher than the control group (P<0.01), group b significantly higher than group c (P<0.05). The molar ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid in group a was very significantly higher than control group (P<0.01), group b and c were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). The molar ratio of butyric acid in group a was very significantly higher than group c (P<0.01). The ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid in group b was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). The number of several rumen fiber-degrading bacteria and protozoa in groups a, b and c were very significantly (P<0.01) or significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control. In conclusion, this study shows that supplementary feeding can positively affect the rumen metabolic parameters and the number of several rumen microorganisms in Gansu Alpine Fine Wool ewes. In general, the effects of Diet 1 were the strongest, while Diet 2 also produced notable improvements. © 2018, Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

陕西省榆林市某鸡场家禽H7N9流感紧急流行病学调查

2017年5月21日,陕西省榆林市某养殖场的蛋鸡出现异常死亡。经国家参考实验室确诊,该起疫情为H7N9流感疫情。为找出引发疫情的可能原因,采用描述性流行病学方法,描述疫情的三间分布,分析发病的风险因素。调查结果显示:该场饲养规模较大,共有8栋鸡舍,饲养4.5万只蛋鸡;疫情暴发突然,病程仅为5 d;蛋鸡死亡2.2万只,死亡率为48.9%;疫情具有明显的场内传播规律,从靠近鸡场入口的鸡舍逐渐向内蔓延;产蛋高峰期蛋鸡的发病风险是雏鸡的37.458倍,差异显著(P0.05);所分离毒株的HA基因裂解位点有4个氨基酸插入,为变异株;该起疫情可能是通过运输淘汰蛋鸡的车辆、野鸟、饲料和饮水,以及调入雏鸡等途径引入的。疫情发生后,当地政府按照《高致病性禽流感防治技术规范》,发布了封锁令,划定了疫点、疫区和受威胁区;在疫区采取了扑杀、无害化处理、关闭疫区内所有禽类产品交易市场等控制措施。采取以上处置措施后,疫情得以快速有效控制。     

试论我国“注水肉”监管技术体系建设

"注水肉"监管存在判定标准单一的问题,亟须建立畜禽肉监管技术体系。本文借鉴发达国家"消费理念引导"和"市场行为约束"理念,提出以"正常为主"为判定原则,从畜禽宰前管理、屠宰及市场监管多环节入手,通过畜禽行为学、组织形态学、正常肉敏感指标范围、近红外等特征图谱,以及畜禽肉水分限量等指标,提出了构建"注水肉"监管技术体系的新思路。