Infection criteria,inoculum sources and splash dispersal pattern of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum acutatum</Emphasis> causing bitter rot of apple in New Zealand

Infection of Malus x domestica cv. Royal Gala fruit by Colletotrichum acutatum causing bitter rot was studied in the temperate climate of New Zealand. Temperatures above 15 °C were required for lesions to develop on detached apple wound-inoculated or inoculated without wounding with C. acutatum spores, regardless of maturity. A wetness period of 72 h was required for infection of mature detached apple fruit without wounding. On wound-inoculated detached apple fruits, sporulation was related to temperature and followed a similar pattern. In the field, a mean temperature above 15 °C for 72 h after wound-inoculation was required for lesions to develop. Buds were a more important source of inoculum than twigs, and it was shown that C. acutatum could be isolated more frequently from outer bud scales than from inner scales. Asymptomatic infection of vegetative and reproductive buds was detected. C. acutatum was detected on asymptomic surface-sterilised petals and fruit, more commonly during summer than spring. Symptomless sterilised leaves generally yielded C. acutatum throughout the season, but isolations were more frequent in summer. Recovery of inoculum using a splash meter to detect vertical dispersal showed that in summer inoculum was primarily splashed up from the ground. In spring, inoculum was recovered in similar quantities from all heights up to a metre, suggesting that splash dispersal occurs from the canopy as well as from the ground. A disease cycle for C. acutatum infecting apples and causing bitter rot in New Zealand is suggested.     

氮素对哈尼梯田水稻冠层温、光生态因子及稻瘟病的影响

为了研究氮素对云南哈尼梯田水稻冠层昼温、光合有效辐射截获率及稻瘟病的影响,探索水稻冠层光合有效辐射截获率与稻瘟病发生的相关性,构建合理健康的群体冠层结构。以当地种植的常规水稻品种‘月亮谷’为试验材料,采取单因素随机区组设计,共6个处理,包括5个不同施氮处理和1个传统施肥对照处理。研究结果表明,高施氮水平下(125.0 kg/hm²)齐穗期的冠层昼温最低,冠层光合有效辐射最大截获率最大。中等施氮(75.0 kg/hm²)和高施氮水平下穗颈瘟的病情指数最高,中等施氮水平下的发病率最高,为51.0%。穗颈瘟发病率和病情指数均和冠层光合有效辐射最大截获率存在正相关性 (r=0.6696^*和r=0.7130^**),发病率与1级病穗百分比呈正相关性(r=0.7511^**),而和2级至5级病穗百分比的关系不大,病情指数分别与5级、1级病穗百分比呈正相关性(r=0.6324^**、r=0.4936^*),而和2级至4级病穗百分比关系不大。     

Inter-laboratory and inter-assay comparison on two real-time PCR techniques for quantification of PCV2 nucleic acid extracted from field samples

Several real-time PCR assays for quantification of PCV2 DNA (qPCR) have been described in the literature, and different in-house assays are being used by laboratories around the world. A general threshold of 10(7) copies of PCV2 per millilitre serum for postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) diagnosis has been suggested. However, neither inter-laboratory nor inter-assay comparisons have been published so far. In the present study, two different qPCR probe assays used routinely in two laboratories were compared on DNA extracted from serum, nasal and rectal swabs. Results showed a significant linear association between the assays (p<0.0001), and a systematic difference of 1.4 log10 copies of PCV2 per millilitre of sample (p<0.0001). This difference indicated that the assay from laboratory 1 yielded a higher output than the one from laboratory 2. Results also showed that there was no linear association between the amount of PCV2 DNA and the amount of total DNA, neither in nasal (p=0.86) nor in rectal (p=0.78) swabs, suggesting that normalizing of PCV2 DNA load in swab samples to total DNA concentration is not suitable. The present exploratory study highlights the need for the performance of ring trials on qPCV2 protocols between laboratories. Meanwhile, the proposed thresholds for PMWS diagnosis should only be considered reliable for each particular laboratory and each particular assay.     

大学课堂教学中学生创新能力的培养

创新人才的培养对于一个国家综合国力的提高有着重要的战略意义。大学是培养创新人才的重要基地,学生创新能力的培养关乎大学教育中人才培养的成败。在我国大学教育中,课堂教学是培养学生创新能力的主要渠道。文中认为营造创新教育环境、引导学生进行探究性学习、培养学生的思维能力以及丰富课堂教学方法和手段等是大学课堂教学中实现学生创新能力培养的重要举措。     

A STELLA model for the estimation of atrazine runoff,leaching, adsorption,and degradation from an agricultural land

Background, aim, and scope  

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) is one of the most widely used herbicides for broadleaf weed and certain annual grass controls and is popular because of its effectiveness and low cost. Losses of atrazine from agricultural lands into adjacent surface water and underlying groundwater have raised public concerns. Several computer models have been developed for atrazine runoff in watersheds. One limitation for most of these models, however, is that vast amounts of input parameters are required for simulations. These input parameters are sometimes difficult to obtain through the experimental measurements for model calibrations, validations, and applications. Therefore, a need exists to develop a simple and yet a realistic modeling tool that can be used for effectively investigating atrazine dynamics in agricultural soils. This study was designed to meet this need.     

抗重金属植物根际细菌的植物促生长特征以及它们对黑芥种子萌发的影响

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants and their associated microbes to clean up pollutants from the soil, water, and air. In order to select the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR) for phytoremediation of heavy metal contamination, 60 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of two endemic plants, Prosopis laevigata and Spharealcea angustifolia, in a heavy metal-contaminated zone in Mexico. These rhizobacterial strains were characterized for the growth at different pH and salinity, extracellular enzyme production, solubilization of phosphate, heavy metal resistance, and plant growth-promoting(PGP) traits, including production of siderophores and indol-3-acetic acid(IAA). Overall, the obtained rhizobacteria presented multiple PGP traits. These rhizobacteria were also resistant to high levels of heavy metals(including As as a metalloid)(up to 480 mmol L(-1)As(V), 24 mmol L(-1)Pb(Ⅱ), 21 mmol L(-1)Cu(Ⅱ), and 4.5 mmol L(-1)Zn(Ⅱ)). Seven rhizobacterial strains with the best PGP traits were identified as members of Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Curtobacterium, and Microbacterium, and were selected for further bioassay.The inoculation of Brassica nigra seeds with Microbacterium sp. CE3R2, Microbacterium sp. NE1R5, Curtobacterium sp. NM1R1,and Microbacterium sp. NM3E9 facilitated the root development; they significantly improved the B. nigra seed germination and root growth in the presence of heavy metals such as 2.2 mmol L(-1)Zn(Ⅱ). The rhizobacterial strains isolated in the present study had the potential to be used as efficient bioinoculants in phytorremediation of soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals.     

Age‐associated changes to pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐induced inflammatory mediator production in dogs

Objective – To determine whether older dogs will have a more pronounced pro‐inflammatory response and blunted anti‐inflammatory response to pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) compared with younger dogs. Design – Prospective. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Thirty‐eight privately owned sexually altered dogs of various ages. Interventions – Blood was collected for HCT, WBC count, plasma biochemical analysis, and whole blood culture. Whole blood was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or, lipoteichoic acid or, peptidoglycan or, addition of phosphate‐buffered saline. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐10 production from whole blood were compared among young, middle aged, and geriatric dogs. Measurements and Main Results – LPS, lipoteichoic acid, and peptidoglycan stimulated significant TNF, IL‐6, and IL‐10 production from canine whole blood compared with phosphate‐buffered saline. Whole blood from geriatric dogs had a blunted IL‐10 response to LPS stimulation and middle‐aged dogs had increased LPS‐induced TNF production compared with the other groups. Conclusion – PAMPs from gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria stimulate TNF, IL‐6, and IL‐10 production from canine whole blood. The inflammatory mediator response to PAMPs from gram‐negative bacteria alters with age and may be one factor contributing to mortality in geriatric dogs with sepsis.     

做好西部大开发气象科普工作的思考

阐述了气象科普工作的现状,总结了西部大开发气象科普工作的特点,探讨了新时期气象科普工作的思路和举措,并对如何做好西部大开发气象科普工作提出了几点思考。     

重庆市植烟区不同肥力植烟土壤氮素矿化特性研究

通过室内培养试验研究了重庆市植烟区不同肥力植烟土壤氮素矿化规律,求得土壤氮素矿化参数,并探讨了氮素矿化潜势（N0）、有机质、全氮、pH、碱解氮之间的关系。结果表明,在35℃条件下培养,一级动力学方程能够很好的拟合氮素的矿化过程,相关系数均达到显著水平（r高肥力土=0.976、r中肥力土=0.986、r低肥力土=0.996）,不同肥力土壤氮素矿化量存在显著差异。矿化潜势(N0)为：高肥力土（25.0mg?kg-1±0.60）﹥中肥力土（21.5mg?kg-1±0.61）﹥低肥力土（19.7mg?kg-1±1.14）;矿化速率（k）为：低肥力土（0.1596mg?kg-1?d-1±0.0104）﹥中肥力土（0.1492mg?kg-1?d-1±0.0155）﹥高肥力土（0.1029mg?kg-1?d-1±0.0071）。矿化潜势(N0)与全氮、有机质呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.9799和0.9788,与pH之间呈负相关（R=-0.9784）。表明不同肥力植烟土壤的供氮能力存在差异,在肥料管理上要因土、因时施肥。