诸城生态烟草农业发展研究

为了推进烟叶生产可持续发展,在诸城烟区开展了烟田绿肥种植和翻压、综合防治技术以及烟秸烟梗灰分在烟叶生产上的循环利用3个方面试验.结果表明：移栽前30 d进行绿肥翻压,翻压量为30 000 kg/hm^2时烟叶的经济效益最好;综合防治措施能够大大降低病虫害对烟叶生产造成的损失,提高烟叶的品质;烟草秸梗灰分的施用可以部分替代磷钾肥,且烟叶品质与对照烟叶品质无差异.     

Research on aquaculture economics: a review

Economic research on aquaculture can be broadly classified into four categories: (1) production economics, consisting of budget analysis, production function, linear programming, bio-economic modeling; (2) market studies, containing demand function analysis, market survey, market structure, conduct and performance study; (3) project evaluation, comprised of social benefit-cost analysis and internal rate of return analysis; and (4) development policy, such as economic impact analysis.

The major constraints for an economic study in aquaculture are: insufficient economic data, lack of cooperation among aquaculture experts, deversity of aquaculture research, and the use of inappropriate data and/or methods for analysis.     

Economic aspects of Gracilaria culture in Taiwan

The cultivation of Gracilaria is described, costs and returns of the operation are analyzed, and the market demand is evaluated. Gracilaria culture is a labor-intensive operation. However, annual productivity and profit are high. The increasing demand and rising price of raw Gracilaria, and agar derived from it, are likely to encourage Gracilaria cultivation not only in Taiwan but also in other developing countries with sites suitable for its cultivation.     

瓣结鱼的胚胎及幼鱼发育

首次记述了瓣结鱼的早期发育过程，对其胚胎及幼鱼发育各期特征先后进行了3次较为仔细的观察，并记述了胚胎发育的积温、积累度时值以及从孵化到105d的幼鱼的生长数据。成熟卵直径1.7～1.9mm，受精卵吸水膨胀后，外膜径达2.5～2.7mm，具粘性。在水温20.5～23.0℃条件下，受精卵历时71h7min孵化，初孵仔鱼平均全长6.6mm，经65～72d，幼鱼发育基本完成，对瓣结鱼胚胎发育的下限温度及早期发育作了探讨。     

基于回归克里格的河北省土壤有机质时空变化特征研究

采用GIS空间分析和回归克里格空间插值方法,对1980～2010年间河北省表层土壤有机质(SOM)的时空变化进行对比分析。结果表明:时间上,1980～2010年,河北省SOM含量总体呈降低趋势,SOM平均降低3.6 g/kg。空间上,近30年来全省SOM含量整体上呈现西北减东南增的趋势,增幅总体上由西北向东南依次增加;且SOM含量增加的面积占全省面积的65.54%,主要分布在南部平原地区和唐山、秦皇岛等地。分析表明,这种变化格局的形成主要与施用化肥、实施秸秆还田等人类活动有关。本研究为预测粮食产量、优化施肥管理、保护生态平衡和耕地的可持续发展等提供了科学依据。     

Presumed acquired dynamic pectus excavatum in a cat

An 11-year-old, spayed female American domestic shorthair cat was presented with open-mouth breathing and dyspnea due to respiratory tract disease. Radiographically, there was thickening of the retropharyngeal soft tissue and soft palate, focal pulmonary change, and severe pectus excavatum (PE), best seen on the left lateral view. Repeat thoracic radiographs 4 months later showed persistent PE, but only on the right lateral view; PE was absent on the left lateral view. The dynamic component of the observed PE was presumably acquired secondary to chronic upper respiratory disease and/or concurrent increased pliability of the thoracic wall from prolonged prednisolone treatment.     

Radiographic and CT features of colonic entrapment due to an omental rent in a dog

A 2‐year‐old female spayed Great Dane presented for inappetence and lethargy. Abdominal radiographs revealed a severely gas‐distended segment of colon. Computed tomography was performed and characterized a 180° anticlockwise colonic torsion with entrapment in a mesenteric/omental rent without vascular compromise. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed entrapment, but not colonic torsion. Computed tomography provided important information to assist clinical management decisions for this dog with colonic entrapment.     

中国西南喀斯特地区周期性温度波动对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

The diurnal fluctuation in soil temperature may influence soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization, but there is no consensus on SOC mineralization response to the cyclical fluctuation in soil temperature. A 56-d incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of constant and variable temperatures on SOC mineralization. Three soils were collected from the karst region in western Guizhou Province, southwestern China, including a limestone soil under forest, a limestone soil under crops and a yellow soil under crops. According to the World Reference Base (WRB) classification, the two limestone soils were classified as Haplic Luvisols and the yellow soil as a Dystric Luvisol. These soils were incubated at three constant temperatures (15, 20 and 25 ^oC) and cyclically fluctuating temperatures (diurnal cycle between 15 and 25 ^oC). The results showed that the 56-d cumulative SOC mineralized (C₅₆) at the fluctuating temperatures was between those at constant 15 and 25 ^oC, suggesting that the cumulative SOC mineralization was restricted by temperature range. The SOC mineralization responses to the fluctuating temperatures were different among the three soils, especially in contrast to those at constant 20 ^oC. Compared with constant 20 ^oC, significant (P < 0.05) decreases and increases in C₅₆ value were found in the limestone soil under forest and yellow soil under crops at the fluctuating temperatures, respectively. At the fluctuating temperatures, the forest soil with lower temperature coefficient Q₁₀ (the relative change in SOC mineralization rate as a result of increasing the temperature by 10 ^oC) had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower SOC mineralization intensity than the two cropland soils. These indicated that differences in temperature pattern (constant or fluctuating) could significantly influence SOC mineralization, and SOC mineralization responses to the fluctuating temperatures might be affected by soil characteristics. Moreover, the warmer temperatures might improve the ability of soil microbes to decompose the recalcitrant SOC fraction, and cyclical fluctuations in temperature could influence SOC mineralization through changing the labile SOC pool size and the mineralization rate of the recalcitrant SOC in soils.     

滇东南岩溶山区树种配置的初步研究

3年来在滇东南岩溶山区开展的树种配置试验的初步研究结果表明 :影响岩溶山地林木生长的主要因素是坡度、岩石裸露率、土类、土层厚度和土壤中的石砾含量 ,而坡向、坡位、土壤的吸湿水、旱季土壤含水率、pH值及土壤养分对林木生长的影响不明显。在岩溶地区的造林应采取特殊的措施 ,尽量保护原有植被 ,对于形成复层的林分结构具有非常重要的作用 ,特别是在多石的薄层石灰土类型上 ,人工种植的阔叶树生长较差 ,通过种植针叶树 ,能形成乔灌草结构的复层林分 ,对改善岩溶山区的生态环境效果十分明显。在吸湿水、全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH值、有机质和旱季土壤含水率等 8个土壤性状中 ,吸湿水、速效磷、速效钾 3个性状在年度间的差异非常显著 ,其中吸湿水平均增加 3 6 6 % ,每kg干土中的速效磷和速效钾平均分别增加9 99mg和 4 2 5 9mg ,显示出林木对土壤的改良作用。在多石的石灰土类型上 ,适宜营造墨西哥柏、郭芬柏和冲天柏等针叶树 ,在其中土层较厚的地方可种植银荆 ;在厚层山地红壤类型上 ,适宜营造墨西哥柏、冲天柏、郭芬柏、川滇桤木、滇合欢、银荆、杜仲、酸枣、苦刺等针阔、阔阔混交林以提高其生态和经济效益     

多菌灵与代森锰锌混配对梨黑星病菌和苹果斑点落叶病菌的增效研究

采用孢子萌发法和生长速率法分别测定了多菌灵与代森锰锌混配对梨黑星病菌和苹果斑点落叶病菌的增效作用。结果表明 ,5种不同比例的多菌灵与代森锰锌混配制剂对 2种病原菌均具有显著增效作用 ,多菌灵∶代森锰锌为 1∶ 1～ 1∶ 4的混配组合均表现出协同增效作用 ,SR值均 >1.5 ,仅 1∶ 5的混配组合 SR值 <1.5 ,表现为相加作用。研究结果初步还表明 ,病原菌抗药性水平愈高 ,混剂增效比率值越大 ,增效作用越显著。从降低产品的生产成本和克服病菌的抗药性方面考虑 ,应以 1∶ 1～ 1∶ 3的配比组合较为合理。