分子标记技术在工业大麻性别分化研究中的应用进展

工业大麻性别表达影响着工业大麻种子、纤维和药用成分产量,其性别表达除了受到遗传物质控制外,还受到外界环境条件的影响,这种复杂性使得性别研究一直是工业大麻研究的难点和热点。分子标记技术能在DNA水平上鉴定工业大麻性别,开发与工业大麻性别紧密连锁的分子标记可为大麻性别早期鉴定和特定性别分子辅助选择育种提供理论依据。本文就分子标记在工业大麻性别研究中的应用进展进行了总结,并对应用前景进行了展望。     

酵母多糖对哺乳犊牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同剂量的酵母多糖对哺乳犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选用56头新生荷斯坦犊牛随机分为4组,每组14头（其中母犊6头、公犊8头）。试验Ⅰ组（对照组）饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加1、2、3 g/（头·d）的酵母多糖,试验期60 d,分别在20和60日龄时每组各屠宰4头犊牛,采集瘤胃液测定挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）及微生物蛋白（MCP）产量。结果表明：①在整个生长期内,各处理组犊牛瘤胃液pH及丁酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸差异均不显著（P>0.05）;②20日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃乙酸浓度极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,试验Ⅱ组丙酸浓度显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度在各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）,60日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃乙酸浓度极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,各组之间丙酸浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组TVFA浓度显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,其中试验Ⅲ组最高;③ 20日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃NH₃-N浓度显著低于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅱ组MCP产量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,60日龄时各组之间NH₃-N浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,试验Ⅲ组MCP产量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。综合上述结果,在犊牛日粮中添加2 g/（头·d）的酵母多糖降低了瘤胃液NH₃-N浓度,提高了MCP产量及TVFA浓度,增强了瘤胃内氨和蛋白质的利用,有利于犊牛瘤胃发酵状态的稳定。本试验条件下酵母多糖在0~60日龄犊牛日粮中的适宜添加量为2 g/（头·d）。     

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对荷斯坦奶公牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及微生物区系和甲烷排放量的影响

本试验旨在研究添加不同水平的N-氨甲酰谷氨酸（N-carbamylglutamate,NCG）对荷斯坦奶公牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵、瘤胃微生物区系和甲烷排放量的影响。试验选择45头健康、体重相近（（478±13.66）kg）的荷斯坦奶公牛,随机分成3组,每组15头,每头分别添加0 g·d^-1（Ⅰ组,对照）、15 g·d^-1（Ⅱ组）、25 g·d^-1（Ⅲ组）的NCG。预试期7 d,正试期90 d。结果表明：1）与对照组相比,饲喂15 g·d^-1和25 g·d^-1 NCG的公牛饲料转化效率分别改善6.91%（P<0.01）和7.91%（P<0.01）;2）与对照组相比,饲喂15 g·d^-1和25 g·d^-1 NCG的公牛瘤胃微生物蛋白的浓度显著升高了22.91%和15.17%（P<0.01）;随着NCG的增加,丙酸浓度显著线性升高（P<0.01）,且15 g·d^-1 NCG组最高;3）从瘤胃产甲烷古菌属水平的相对丰度上分析,25 g·d^-1的公牛甲烷短杆菌属最低,其相对丰度为80.05%;随着NCG的增加,甲烷球菌属、甲烷丝状菌属的相对丰富度显著下降（P<0.01）;4）添加不同水平的NCG均显著降低了甲烷的排放量,饲喂15和25 g·d^-1 NCG公牛甲烷排放量分别比对照组降低了8.44%和10.51%（P<0.01）。综上,在本试验条件下,添加NCG能有效调控荷斯坦奶公牛瘤胃发酵,提高饲料转化效率,降低甲烷排放量。推荐添加量为15 g·d^-1。     

Protection of pigs against post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by a recombinant adenovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2

Post-weaning multisystemic wating syndrome (PMWS) associated with PCV2 was one of the most costly diseases currently faced by the swine industry. In order to develop a vaccine to control this disease, we previously constructed a recombinant adenovirus expressing the capsid of PCV2. Here, we examined the protection of swine against PMWS by the recombinant adenovirus. Eighteen 32-day-old pigs were assigned to three groups each with six. Group 1 was vaccinated subcutaneously with rAd-Cap and boosted 2 weeks later. Thirty-seven days after first vaccination, Groups 1 and 2 were oronasally challenged with virulent PCV2 isolate, 4 and 7 days later, intramuscularly exposed to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Group 3 remained unchallenged but with KLH. The results showed that high level of PCV2-specific ELISA antibody and neutralizing antibody could be induced at 37 days after first vaccination. After challenge, pigs in vaccinated group had no clearly clinical signs, although some of them had increased rectal temperatures (>/=40 degrees C) for short time. The pyrexic phase in vaccinated group was significantly lighter than that in challenge-control group (P<0.05). The relative daily weight gain in vaccinated-challenged group was similar to that in empty control group. But it was significantly high compared to the challenge-control group (P<0.05). Mean while the pathological lesions and virema presented in vaccinated group were milder than those in control group. It indicated that the recombinant adenovirus was able to confer significant protection against clinical disease and reduce pathogenic lesions induced by PCV2 challenge, even though it could not provide complete virological protection. The recombinant adenovirus might be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing the disease associated with PCV2 infection.     

1株具有免疫增强功能的乳酸菌筛选及其免疫效果评价

为筛选出具有较强免疫功能的益生菌用于临床研究,对分离自健康鸡粪便样品中的20株乳酸菌进行耐酸、耐胆盐、体外抑菌、黏附、胞外多糖含量测定试验以及小鼠免疫功能检测,并结合上述试验结果进行综合性评价.结果:筛选出20号菌株为目的菌株,耐酸、耐胆盐试验表明,该菌株在pH=2时的存活率为72.7％,在胆盐浓度为1.0％的环境中存...     

蔬菜保护地木霉菌rDNA-ITS序列和UP-PCR遗传多样性分析

采用传统形态学分类和ITS序列比对的方法,研究蔬菜保护地土壤中木霉菌种群分布和遗传多样性。木霉菌分离培养结果显示,共获得397株木霉菌,鉴定出11个种,分别为:长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum、深绿木霉T.atroviride、哈茨木霉T.harzianum、粘绿木霉T.viren、微孢木霉T.minutisporum、拟康木霉T.pseudokoningii、黄绿木霉T.aureoviride、非钩木霉T.inhamatum、棘孢木霉T.asperellum、长孢木霉T.longipile和螺旋木霉T.helicum。经ITS序列建立系统发育树后,将木霉菌分为5个组。用5条通用引物经UP-PCR扩增后,扩增出46条谱带,其中多态性条带43条,占总条带数的93.5%。遗传多样性分析表明,当相似系数为0.80时,可将24个菌株划分为9个组。UP-PCR与ITS序列相比,更能体现木霉菌种间和种内的亲缘关系及遗传差异性,可以作为木霉菌分类的辅助方法。     

四自由度两模式并联机构结构综合与位置分析

为设计可实现一机多用的并联机构,提出了多模式并联机构的结构类型综合方法以及操作模式分析方法。首先利用方位特征集方法,综合得到一类(640种)具有运动分岔特性的4自由度并联机构;然后从中优选出一种机构进行操作模式分析,分析结果表明:机构处于分岔奇异点时动平台瞬时自由度为5,此时采用冗余驱动的方法可引导动平台通过分岔奇异点顺利到达三平移一转动或两平移两转动模式;最后推导了该并联机构处于上述2种操作模式时的位置正、逆解分析方程,得知位置逆解方程和三平移一转动模式时的位置正解方程均可解析求解。     

调亏灌溉下滴灌玉米根冠生长与水分动态响应特征

以玉米为试验材料,在自动感应式遮雨棚下,采用测坑微区试验方法,研究黑龙江西部滴灌条件下调亏灌溉对作物根冠生长、干物质分配特征、根冠比、耗水特征及植株伤流量的影响。以土壤相对含水率(占田间持水率的百分数)为控制上下限,设置5个水分调亏处理,分别为苗期轻度(60%~70%FC)处理,苗期中度(50%~60%FC)处理,拔节期轻度(60%~70%FC)处理,拔节期中度(50%~60%FC)处理,苗期中度、拔节期轻度处理,另设全生育期保持适宜土壤水分(70%~80%FC)作为对照。试验结果表明,调亏灌溉不改变玉米根部和冠部生长的原有总趋势,也不改变冠部各器官生长的基本趋势,但是显著地增大了作物根冠比(R/S),复水后根、冠补偿生长效应明显,促进光合同化产物向生殖器官的运转与分配,增大了生育后期干物质向果穗的分配率。苗期中度处理和拔节期轻度处理的玉米,在调亏期间使根系维持较高的根质量,水分胁迫复水后根系活力明显提高,其伤流量表现出超补偿效应,在灌浆期仍保持较高的伤流量并且在生育后期仍保持有较高的根冠比(R/S),是协调玉米根冠生长关系的适宜水分调亏处理。     

Prediction of daily reference evapotranspiration by a multiple regression method based on weather forecast data

Prediction of daily reference evapotranspiration (ET ₀) is the basis of real-time irrigation scheduling. A multiple regression method for ET ₀ prediction based on its seasonal variation pattern and public weather forecast data was presented for application in East China. The forecasted maximum temperature (T _max), minimum temperature (T _min) and weather condition index (WCI) were adopted to calculate the correction coefficient by multilinear regression under five time-division regimes (10 days, monthly, seasonal, semi-annual and annual). The multiple regression method was tested for its feasibility for ET ₀ prediction using forecasted weather data as the input, and the monthly regime was selected as the most suitable. Average absolute error (AAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.395 and 0.522 mm d^?1, respectively. ET ₀ prediction errors increased linearly with the increase in temperature prediction error. A temperature error within 3 K is likely to result in acceptable ET ₀ predictions, with AAE and average absolute relative error (AARE) <0.142 mm d^?1 and 5.8%, respectively. However, one rank error in WCI results in a much larger error in ET ₀ prediction due to the high sensitivity of the correction coefficient to WCI and the large relative error in WCI caused by one rank deviation. Improving the accuracy of weather forecasts, especially for WCI prediction, is helpful in obtaining better estimations of ET ₀ based on public weather data.     

蚯蚓发酵液对安义瓦灰鸡生长性能、体尺指标、血清抗氧化及生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究蚯蚓发酵液对安义瓦灰鸡生长性能、体尺指标、血清抗氧化及生化指标的影响。选取120只60日龄安义瓦灰鸡,随机分为4组(每组5个重复,每个重复6只)。对照组饲喂基础日粮(Ⅰ组),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加蚯蚓发酵液的试验日粮(按0.01、0.02、0.03 mL/g添加蚯蚓发酵液)。试验期28 d。结果表明:(1)蚯蚓发酵液对安义瓦灰鸡的生长性能及体尺指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。(2)与Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组显著降低了丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05),对过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。(3)与Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组显著提高血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(T-CHO)的含量(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组显著提高白球比(A/G)(P<0.05)。综上,蚯蚓发酵液可改善鸡的血清抗氧化及生化指标,以0.02 mL/g蚯蚓发酵液添加量的效果最佳。