移栽期对甘肃中部党参生长发育及产量的影响

探究移栽期对黄土高原半干旱区党参生长发育和产量的影响,以期为区域党参高产栽培提供理论依据。于2020年在甘肃省定西市进行党参分期移栽试验,设置3个移栽期,以传统移栽期为对照（CK,4月1日移栽）,设置较传统移栽期推迟5 d（T₁,4月6日移栽）和10 d（T₂,4月11日移栽）处理,并对不同移栽期党参生长发育、生物量积累特征和产量进行分析。结果表明,不同处理分枝期出现时间差异最大,T₂较CK、T₁分别推迟5、2 d,移栽期推迟,生长期缩短,参根进入快速生长的时间提前,起始生长势(C₀)增大,T₂较CK、T₁分别提高24.72%和6.65%;生长渐增期持续时间随移栽期的推迟而缩短,快增期持续时间差别不大;T₁处理参根平均生长速率(V_a)较CK、T₂分别提高3.73%、2.45%,快增期干物质积累量和生长速率均最高;地上生物量最大生长速率(MGR)表现为T₂>T₁>CK,T₂较CK、T₁分别提高17.29%、10.46%,C₀和V_a均最大,T₂处理C₀较CK、T₁分别提高7.74%、10.32%,V_a增幅分别为19.67%、12.30%;移栽期推迟,地上部不同生长期生长持续时间缩短,干物质积累量和积累速率增大,产量增加,CK、T₁、T₂处理产量分别为257.67、306.68、524.90 g/m²,T₂较CK、T₁分别增加104%、72%。研究结果可为黄土高原半干旱区党参优质栽培,提高气候资源利用率提供参考。     

接种根瘤菌对南疆春大豆结瘤和生长的影响

为筛选南疆结瘤能力强且对春大豆生长发育、产量有积极影响的大豆根瘤菌菌株,探讨大豆品种和根瘤菌的匹配性,以前期分离、鉴定、纯化的3株根瘤菌菌株为材料,对南疆地区3个春大豆品种进行了田间接种试验,测定大豆根瘤数、根瘤干重、大豆地上部干物质积累分配、产量及其构成因素的变化.结果表明:接种不同根瘤菌均能促进南疆不同春大豆品种根系结瘤,促进结瘤效果存在差异,黑农61接种T6能显著增加中后期根瘤数、根瘤干重,新大豆8号和石大豆2号接种T6和SN7-2能显著增加结瘤数和根瘤干重,SN7-2在春大豆生育前期、T6在生育后期作用明显;黑农61接种SMH12,新大豆8号和石大豆2号接种T6和SN7-2能显著促进干物质积累;新大豆8号接种SN7-2、石大豆2号接种T6、黑农61接种SMH12能促进干物质向生殖器官分配.接种根瘤菌能通过增加主茎节数、单株荚数和百粒重提高春大豆产量,新大豆8号与SN7-2、石大豆2号与SN7-2、黑农61与SMH12匹配性最好.     

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

Genome-wide detection of selective signatures in a Jinhua pig population

The aim of this study was to detect evidence for signatures of recent selection in the Jinhua pig genome. These results can be useful to better understand the regions under selection in Jinhua pigs and might shed some lights on groups of genes that control production traits. In the present study, we performed extended haplotype homozygosity(EHH) tests to identify significant core regions in 202 Jinhua pigs. A total of 26 161 core regions spanning 636.42 Mb were identified, which occupied approximately 28% of the genome across all autosomes, and 1 158 significant(P0.01) core haplotypes were selected. Genes in these regions were related to several economically important traits, including meat quality, reproduction, immune responses and exterior traits. A panel of genes including ssc-mir-365-2, KDM8, RABEP2, GSG1L, RHEB, RPH3AL and a signal pathway of PI3K-Akt were detected with the most extreme P-values. The findings in our study could draw a comparatively genome-wide map of selection signature in the pig genome, and also help to detect functional candidate genes under positive selection for further genetic and breeding research in Jinhua and other pigs.     

野生大豆内生真菌对作物促生作用的研究

为了实现绿色生态农业、农作提质增效,加快生防菌剂的研发进度。本研究利用具有广谱拮抗玉米大斑病和大豆疫霉病野生大豆内生真菌Y6R15和Y2S2为试材,通过菌液灌根和叶喷处理,分析不同处理下玉米和大豆苗期干物质和根系指标的变化。结果表明：拮抗菌株Y6R15对玉米叶片和根干重促生作用明显,均提高根长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数等指标,以根冠比指标标准Y6R15叶喷效果为最佳方式,依据根系指标特征变化Y6R15灌根效果好于叶喷。拮抗菌株Y2S2和Y6R15处理均对大豆有促生作用,效果显著,Y6R15菌株对玉米和大豆均有促生作用。     

供给侧结构性改革下的新疆棉花价格波动特征分析

以2007年1月至2019年12月新疆和全国棉花平均价格月度数据为研究对象，运用X12季节调整法、Hodrick和Prescott滤波法，对新疆棉花价格总体波动特征和规律进行了分析。结果显示：新疆棉花价格和全国棉花平均价格的季节性和周期性波动特征一致，在每年3月份左右升至最高点后开始回落，至9月份左右触底，之后逐渐上升，到次年2－3月份价格升至最高点，每年循环往复；2007－2019年新疆棉花价格经历了3个完整的周期，周期平均为42个月，目前进入新一轮周期。从长期趋势来看，新疆棉花价格波动整体呈现非线性上升趋势。新疆棉价变动与全国棉价（包括新疆）变动影响因素基本一致，短期内会受到政策、成本、国际棉价、金融等其他外部因素的影响。在新冠肺炎疫情和常态化疫情防控导致国内外需求疲软背景下，经济发展的不确定性增强，棉花价格的波动率将会显著上升，新疆棉花价格也将会受到影响。因此，提出持续加强新疆优质棉基地建设、持续推进新疆棉花生产供给侧结构性改革、强化棉花市场监管与价格预警、探索新型补贴方式等建议。     

人工基质对凡纳滨对虾免疫和消化相关指标的影响

将体长1cm的凡纳滨对虾饲养于池底铺有黑膜的400m2圆形高位池中,池中沿水流方向与池底垂直悬挂由40目双层筛绢网制成的人工基质(间距约1m),其中基质与池底面积之比约为1∶2,常规饲养,分别于养殖第29、57d和80d测定对虾肝胰腺中总抗氧化能力、溶菌酶、诱导型一氧化氮合酶、淀粉酶和胃蛋白酶活性以及一氧化氮含量的变化,研究人工基质对肝胰腺免疫和消化相关指标的影响。试验结果显示,养殖第29d,基质添加组对虾的免疫酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),消化酶活性变化不显著(P0.05);养殖第57d(台风期间),基质添加组对虾各免疫指标和淀粉酶活性均显著低于对照组(P0.05);养殖第80d(台风过后26d),基质添加组对虾总抗氧化能力、诱导型一氧化氮合酶、淀粉酶和胃蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05)。研究表明,人工基质可以显著影响对虾免疫和消化机能,而基质生物膜系统遭台风等强天气干扰破坏后仍具有一定的自我修复能力。     

Ontogenetic resource use and trophic dynamics of endangered juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus among diversified nursery habitats in the northern Beibu Gulf,China

Horseshoe crabs, the most well-known example of “living fossils”, are iconic and ecologically important macroinvertebrates in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Their blood is a crucial resource for manufacturing Limulus or Tachypleus amebocyte lysate to detect bacterial endotoxins or fungal contamination in drug and medical devices. An enhanced understanding of their ecological roles and trophic interactions in the food webs is fundamental to facilitate resource management for the declining populations in Asia. Foraging information of the Asian species, however, is mainly derived from preliminary, scattered reports from a limited number of study locations. In this study, resource utilization, trophic niche dynamics, and trophic interaction of the juvenile tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (instars 1–12, approximately 0.5–8 years old) across ontogeny was assessed in diversified nursery habitats along the northern Beibu Gulf, China, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Our results suggest that: (i) T. tridentatus are ecological generalists given the vast range of carbon isotopic values and trophic niche width estimates exhibited between multiple instar groups; (ii) juvenile T. tridentatus across most habitat types predominantly assimilated energy from a variety of basal production sources in the food web, but primarily depended on sedimentary organic matter and seagrass resource pools; (iii) ontogenetic shifts in juvenile dietary proportions were evident, with decreased reliance on sedimentary organic matter, coupled with increased reliance on benthic macroinvertebrate grazers, detritivores, and omnivores with age; and (iv) nearly all juvenile instars occupied similar trophic positions in the food web with slight shifts in trophic position present with increasing size. Our findings indicate that resource availability and ontogenetic diet shifts strongly influence horseshoe crab trophic dynamics, and age should be accounted when formulating habitat conservation measures based on resource use for Asian horseshoe crabs.