江苏下蜀林区土壤溶解有机碳与土壤因子的关系

采用TOC-5000A总有机碳仪测定了江苏下蜀森林土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)的含量,分析了土壤DOC与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:酸性森林土壤中,DOC与有机C、全N、碱解N、有效P等养分因子之间呈极显著或显著的正相关关系,土壤DOC与土壤肥力状况关系密切,因而可以作为评价土壤肥力性状的生物学指标。土壤DOC与土壤中有机络合态Fe、有机络合态Al和活性羟基Al之间呈极显著或显著的正相关。土壤中有机C的运输是调整土壤中Al和Fe的溶出及迁移的一个重要因子。土壤DOC与交换性Al、pH值、全P、速效K之间无相关关系。     

偶联酰胺化衍生-液相色谱法高灵敏度检测土壤圈样品中小分子单羧酸

甲、乙、丙、丁酸在土壤圈广泛存在,通常含量较低,测定时易受基质中杂质干扰,难以准确定性定量。本法采用偶联酰胺化方法将具有紫外高灵敏响应的吲哚基团引入其结构中,生成酰胺类衍生物,即可在液相色谱-二极管阵列/紫外检测器（HPLC-DAD/UV）下间接高灵敏度检测,达到准确测定的目的。衍生化操作步骤如下：先将适量样品和MES（2-（N-吗啉代）乙磺酸）水溶液加入反应小瓶中,使反应体系保持pH约5.5,再加入适量的EDC（1-乙基-（3-二甲基氨基丙基）碳二亚胺）水溶液,交联反应20 min后再加入适量的NHS（N-羟基丁二酰亚胺）水溶液,之后经偶联反应适当时间后再加入色胺的乙腈水溶液,酰胺化反应过夜,第二天用超纯水定容终止反应,待测。实验表明：在衍生化过程中,当保持MES:EDC:NHS:色胺:羧基≈10:7:3:7:1（摩尔比）的比例,加入NHS后偶联反应45 min时效果较佳。本法四种有机酸的检测限范围为0.008～0.046 mg·L-1,标准工作曲线的线性相关系数r2为0.991～0.998,平均回收率为85.9%～123%,方法精密度为1.69%～8.41%,可以满足有机分析要求。与液相色谱法直接测定小分子单羧酸相比,发现直接法测试结果与衍生-液相色谱法测试结果基本一致,但衍生法可以修正直接法中杂质干扰带来的阳性误差,同时提升低浓度单羧酸样品中有机酸的检出率,定性与定量结果更可靠。     

杉木、马尾松、甜槠等林分下土壤养分状况研究

对中等立地上杉木、马尾松,甜槠等林分的土壤养分状况进行了综合比较,结果表明：不同林分对土壤有机质及矿质养分的影响不尽相同,阔叶林能增加土壤有机质积累,改善土壤养分状部;马尾松林对提高土壤有效性Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量具有一定作用,特别是对提高有效Ｐ作用很大;杉木纯林不利于改善土壤养分状况及土壤理化性质;针阔混交林能改良土壤养分状况,尤其能较好地改良土壤有效性微量元素状况,防止地方衰退,有利于林业持续发展,另     

水盐运动研究30年(1973-2003)

水盐运动理论及其应用是黄淮海平原旱涝盐碱综合治理与可持续发展研究中的基础核心内容.本文回顾了1973-2003年,中国(北京)农业大学土壤学科以河北曲周试验站为基地在这方面研究的历程,对其主要研究成果进行了简要总结,并在参考文献中给出了30年来发表的320篇论著.     

滨海水稻土腐殖质的组成及随种稻时间演变的研究初报

通过研究滨海水稻土腐殖质各成分的组成及性质,结果表明各组分有机碳及氮含量均为表层最高,C/N在结构相对稳定的结合态腐殖质和胡敏酸(HA)中波动较小,而在游离态腐殖质和富里酸(FA)中变化较大。随着种稻时间变长,结合态的腐殖质和胡敏酸有在土壤中积累的趋势,在1 000 a水稻土中腐殖质的芳香化程度最高、结构最复杂。     

红景天药渣对肉鸡生长性能、营养物质代谢和血液指标的影响

选用120只肉鸡,分为4组,用0、3%、6%、9%红景天药渣分别添加到CK、T1、T2、T3组的日粮中,研究红景天药渣对肉鸡生长、营养物质代谢和血液指标的影响。结果表明,在日粮中添加9%红景天药渣能显著提高血液红细胞数、血红蛋白含量(P0.05),有利于氧的运输,提高抗缺氧能力,但日增重、粗蛋白质的表观代谢率、粗脂肪的表观代谢率等指标明显降低(P0.05);而日粮中添加6%红景天药渣对日增重、粗蛋白质的表观代谢率、粗脂肪的表观代谢率等指标没有明显影响(P0.05),同时又能提高血液红细胞数、血红蛋白含量,改善血液理化参数,增强肉鸡的抗病能力,提高肉鸡存活率。     

Effects of artificial aeration and iron inputs on the transformation of carbon and phosphorus in a typical wetland soil

Purpose

Artificial aeration changes the redox conditions at the soil surface. The introduction of iron (Fe) into wetlands can influence carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) cycling under the fluctuating redox conditions. However, artificial Fe introduced into wetlands is uncommon, and there are no Fe dose guidelines. We compared aerobic and anaerobic conditions to test the hypothesis that Fe addition can, although redox-dependent, affect P forms and the coupling of organic C.

Materials and methods

Twenty-four intact soil cores were collected randomly from a lacustrine wetland of Lake Xiaoxingkai. And representative and homogeneous seedlings of Glyceria spiculosa were collected. The incubation was designed with two treatment factors: Fe/P ratio (5 or 10) and high and low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (>?6 and <?2 mg L^?1, respectively). Four groups with three replicates were separated randomly and labeled as aerobic + plant treatment, anaerobic + plant treatment, and aerobic or anaerobic treatment (control).

Results and discussion

The DO concentrations were stratified, decreasing with soil depth and increasing with time, especially under aerobic conditions. The Eh values generally increased with fluctuations under aerobic conditions. The artificial aeration substantially changed the redox environment at the water–soil interface. Of the total P, 45% was in the reactive Fe-bound P, indicating that Lake Xiaoxingkai had high internal P loading. No significant differences were observed in total Fe, amorphous Fe, and organic C at the soil surface between the two Fe/P ratios; however, a significant difference in free Fe was observed. And soil amorphous Fe was found to be a significant correlation with soil organic C, indicating that iron oxides were related with the soil chemical properties.

Conclusions

After short-term incubation, Fe addition can affect the cycling of major elements in wetlands, although this effect is redox dependent. Excessive Fe doses may result in regional environmental risks, such as eutrophication and C sinks of wetland ecosystems. Large-scale controlled experiments are needed to fully understand the behaviors of soil elements in wetlands.

     

Pectin adsorption on amorphous Fe/Al hydroxides and its effect on surface charge properties and Cu(II) adsorption

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms for pectin-enhanced adsorption of heavy metal cations on variable charge minerals.

Materials and methods

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption of pectin and copper(II) by amorphous Fe/Al hydroxides. The morphology, mineralogy, and functional groups of pectin–Fe/Al hydroxides were examined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis.

Results and discussion

The amount of pectin adsorbed by amorphous Al(OH)₃ was much greater than that by amorphous Fe(OH)₃ at pH values between 3.5 and 6.5 due to the higher positive charge density on Al(OH)₃ and greater electrostatic attraction between the hydroxide and pectin compared with Fe(OH)₃. The addition of pectin decreased the positive surface charge on amorphous Fe and Al hydroxides. The presence of pectin enhanced the adsorption of Cu(II) by the Fe and Al hydroxides. The increase in Cu(II) adsorption on amorphous Fe hydroxide was more obvious at low pH values than at higher pH values, while an opposite changing trend was observed for amorphous Al hydroxide. At pH 3.9, 4.3, and 4.9, pectin increased Cu(II) adsorption by Fe hydroxide from 24.4, 76.6, and 177.0 mmol/kg to 61.6, 98.8, and 192.0 mmol/kg, i.e., Cu(II) adsorption was increased by 37.2, 22.2, and 15.0 mmol/kg, respectively. At pH 4.3 and 4.9, pectin increased Cu(II) adsorption by Al hydroxide from 3.7 and 27.0 mmol/kg to 17.3 and 69.4 mmol/kg, i.e., Cu(II) adsorption was increased by 13.6 and 42.4 mmol/kg, respectively. The greater adsorption of pectin by Al hydroxide was mainly responsible for the larger enhancement of pectin on Cu(II) adsorption on Al hydroxide at higher pH values compared with Fe hydroxide.

Conclusions

The adsorption of pectin on Fe and Al hydroxides decreased the positive charge on the hydroxides and thus enhanced the adsorption of Cu(II) by the hydroxides.

     

全基因组关联分析在茶叶研究中的应用进展

全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association analysis,GWAS）是以高通量测序技术为基础,结合生物信息学和统计学方法,在全基因组水平上鉴定调控复杂性状的基因变异,是研究复杂农艺性状和遗传变异最有力和最有效的研究方法,其核心是研究遗传变异和目标性状之间的关联。GWAS研究检测到的关联位点一般很少,而且关联的位点仅能解释很少一部分性状变异。本文介绍了影响GWAS的主要因素,总结了GWAS在茶叶饮料消费、茶树重要农艺性状、茶叶品质和茶树群体结构研究中取得的一系列进展,提出了茶树GWAS研究中遇到的问题和未来的发展方向。     

铜胁迫对平菇膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了探明平菇对铜胁迫的响应机制,研究了铜胁迫(0~3 000μmol/L)对平菇菌丝膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜胁迫使菌丝硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)含量升高且具有明显的时间效应和浓度效应。不同抗氧化酶对铜胁迫的响应不同。铜胁迫使菌丝SOD活性和POD活性呈一直上升趋势,而CAT活性则呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势。