作物茬口对连作棉田土壤环境及棉花产量的影响

于2007－2008年在连作8 a的棉田上进行不同作物轮作倒茬田间试验,以研究不同茬口对连作棉田土壤养分、土壤微生物区系以及棉花产量的影响,从而筛选出适宜棉田轮作倒茬的最佳作物茬口。研究结果表明：不同作物茬口的土壤有机质、速效养分含量及棉花产量均高于连作棉田,其中加工番茄茬口对土壤的速效磷含量增加最为显著,小麦、玉米茬口对土壤速效钾含量增加显著;各作物茬口土壤微生物总量均比连作棉田有明显的增加,表现为细菌和放线菌数量增加真菌减少;草木樨、番茄茬口土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌生理群也明显增加。不同作物茬口的棉花产量表现为加工番茄→棉花＞草木樨→棉花＞小麦→棉花＞玉米→棉花＞棉花→棉花;加工番茄、玉米、小麦可作为连作棉田的良好前茬。     

单盘多行独立气道式蔬菜精量排种器设计与试验

针对现有多行气吸式排种器因共用气室造成风压要求高、损失大的问题,设计一种单盘多行独立气道式蔬菜精量排种器,降低排种过程所需的风压值,减少风压损失.对排种盘、气道盘、搅种装置、清种器等关键部件进行结构设计,利用JPS 12型排种器性能试验台进行排种性能试验并对试验结果进行分析.通过单因素试验,得到在负压值1～2 kPa、...     

探析农村居民信息意识的培养——基于安徽农村调研

农村居民信息意识的培养是农村信息化建设顺利进行的重要保障.基于农村的实践调研,阐述了信息意识的内涵,表现形式以及影响因素,分析了农村居民信息意识薄弱的成因,最后提出了培养农村居民信息意识的具体途径.     

Meta-analysis of experimental warming on soil invertase and urease activities

Soil enzymes are regulate terrestrial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, and how the activity of these enzymes are affected by soil warming duration is unclear. In the study, the effect of experimental soil warming duration (<2 years and >2 years) on invertase and urease activities were examined by meta-analysis. Soil warming increased invertase activity by 22% (<2 years) and 16% (>2 years), respectively, while they increased urease by 29% and 9%. Meta-analysis of soil warming experiments found that warming by less than 1.5°C increased invertase by 22%, while warming it by more than 1.5°C increased invertase by 29%; the corresponding increases in urease were 16% and 8%. These effects of experiment warming differed among ecosystem types, with warming-induced increases being greatest in forest ecosystem. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that invertase and urease become less responsive to warming over longer periods and invertase with greater warming-responsiveness than urease activity.     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒疫情处置效果的研究

通过对经焚烧深埋处理的CGMMV染疫甜瓜植株和用土壤消毒剂处理的土壤的连续取样;提取土壤和病残植株样品的RNA;经RT-PCR检测和汁液摩擦接种植株的方法,检测了带有CGMMV植株残体和土壤中病毒核酸的存在和其侵染活性。结果表明:经过通常检疫销毁的病植株残体和土壤可以检到病毒RNA,但已没有侵染活性。     

4种大花蕙兰与国兰杂交F1代核型分析

首次报道4种大花蕙兰与国兰杂交后代染色体形态与核型。结果如下：绿宝石×春剑（Cym. Lovely Valley‘Evergreen’×Cym. Longibracteatum）后代2n=3x=45m+15sm,核不对称系数为59.75℅,2B型;天使×蕙兰（Cym. KLR565×Cym. sinense）后代2n=3x=42m+18sm,核不对称系数为59.33℅,2B型;夏绿×春剑（Cym. Summer Queen×Cym. Longibracteatum）后代2n=2x=30m+10sm,核不对称系数为58.58℅,2B型;圣蕾芬×春剑（Cym. Saint Raphin×Cym. Longibracteatum）后代2n=2x=34m+6sm,核不对称系数为57.15℅,2B型;结合兰属植物若干稳定特化的形态学特征,讨论了兰属植物的核型进化。     

草鱼暴发性出血病病原分离、毒力基因检测与药敏分析

从草鱼体内分离到致病菌株Jxsks1,该菌株对草鱼的LD50值为2.3×103CFU/g鱼体质量,为强致病菌;经生理生化、16S r DNA和gyr B基因序列测序鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。ERIC-PCR分型结果表明,该菌株为迄今未见报道的类型。选取丝氨酸蛋白酶ahp、热稳定性肠毒素ast、气溶素aer A、热不稳定性肠毒素alt、鞭毛基因fla、脂酶lip等6种毒力基因特异性引物对该菌株进行PCR检测,结果表明其毒力基因型为aer A~+、alt~+、ast~+、ahp~+、lip~+、fla~-。选取28种抗生素进行药敏检测结果表明,该菌株对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、四环素类、氯霉素、第二代和第三代头孢类等药物敏感,对硝基呋喃类、大环内酯类、多肽类中度敏感,对第一代头孢类、青霉素类、复方新诺明和洁霉素耐药。     

大豆窄行密植播种机单盘双行气吸式排种器设计

为满足大豆窄行密植播种作业要求,解决传统大豆播种机窄行密植行距过大,不易调节,排种性能差等问题,设计了一种单盘双行气吸式排种器,阐述了其基本结构与工作原理,并对工作过程及关键部件进行了理论分析,确定了影响排种性能的主要因素,利用搭建的单盘双行气吸式排种器试验装置进行单因素试验,得到排种性能较好情况时负压真空度、排种盘转速以及单圈吸种孔数的合理变化范围。以负压真空度、排种盘转速和单圈吸种孔数为试验因素,以合格指数、漏播指数和重播指数为指标进行3因素3水平正交试验。结果表明：对合格指数、漏播指数和重播指数各指标影响最显著的因素分别为排种盘转速、负压真空度、负压真空度;当参数组合为单圈吸种孔数64孔、排种盘转速18 r/min、负压真空度5 kPa时,内圈合格指数为98.45%,重播指数为0.72%,漏播指数为0.53%;外圈合格指数为97.82%,重播指数为0.63%,漏播指数为1.35%,对该因素组合进行试验验证,各指标优于行业标准要求。该文设计的单盘双行气吸式排种器实现了播种单体120 mm窄行密植播种,排种性能好,为黄淮海地区大豆密植播种机的研发提供参考。     

Effects of extreme soil water stress on photosynthetic efficiency and water consumption characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarix chinensis</Emphasis> in China’s Yellow River Delta

Soil moisture is a major limiting factor for plant growth on shell ridge islands in the Yellow River Delta. However, it is difficult to carry out situ experiment to study dominant plant photosynthesis physiological on the shell ridge islands under extreme soil water stress. To evaluate the adaptability of plants to light and moisture variations under extreme soil moisture conditions present on these islands, we measured photosynthetic gas exchange process, chlorophyll fluorescence, and stem sap flow variables for 3-year-old trees of Tamarix chinensis Lour, a restoration species on these islands, subjected to three types of soil water levels: waterlogging stress (WS), alternating dry–wet (WD), and severe drought stress (SS) to inform decisions on its planting and management on shell ridge islands. Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and stem sap flow in T. chinensis were then measured. Net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), and water use efficiency (W _UE) were similar under WS and alternating dry–wet conditions, but their mean E and W _UE differed significantly (P < 0.05). Under SS, the P _N, E and W _UE of T. chinensis leaves varied slightly, and mean P _N, E and W _UE were all low. Apparent quantum efficiency (A _QY), light compensation point (L _CP), light saturation point (L _SP), and maximum net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmax) of leaves were not significantly different (P > 0.05) under WS and dry–wet conditions; however, under extreme drought stress, compared with the dry–wet conditions, L _CP was higher, L _SP was lower, and A _QY and P _Nmax were both at the lowest level. Therefore, drought stress weakened light adaptability of leaves, and the efficiency of light transformation was poorer. (3) Maximum photochemical efficiency (F _v/F _m) and the actual photochemical efficiency (Φ _PSII) were similar under waterlogged stress and dry–wet conditions, indicating a similar healthy photosynthetic apparatus and photosynthetic reaction center activity, respectively. Under SS, F _v/F _m was 0.631, and the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (N _PQ) was 0.814, which indicated that while the photosynthetic mechanism was damaged, the absorbed light energy was mainly dissipated in the form of heat, and the potential photosynthetic productivity was significantly reduced. The daily cumulants of sap flow of T. chinensis under dry–wet alternation and severe drought stress were 22.25 and 63.97% higher, respectively, than under waterlogging stress. Daily changes in sap flow velocity for T. chinensis differed under the three soil water levels. Stem sap flow was weak at night under severe drought stress. Under dry–wet alternation, daytime average stem sap flow velocity was the highest, and night stem flow accounted for 10.26% of the day cumulants, while under waterlogged stress, the average nightly stem flow velocity was the highest, accounting for 31.82% of the day cumulants. These results provide important information for regional vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction.     

基于SSR标记的桃品种遗传多样性分析及遗传相似系数比较

【目的】利用NCBI数据库中桃的EST信息开发SSR引物,分析成都平原主栽桃品种的遗传多样性,探讨各遗传相似系数在桃SSR分析中的适用性,以期为桃种质资源的研究提供参考。【方法】利用来自NCBI-EST数据库的100对SSR引物对12个不同形态的桃品种进行PCR扩增,分析筛选20对多态性好、稳定性高且均匀分布于桃8个连锁群的引物对40个桃品种进行PCR扩增,并采用5个遗传相似系数分别对扩增结果进行分析。【结果】使用20对引物共检测出68个多态性等位基因位点,每对引物的等位基因数在2~5之间,平均为3.4。多态信息含量在0.36~0.73间变化,平均为0.54。Jaccard相似系数为0.106~1.000;Jaccard系数的共表型相关系数rc最高,为0.772;Dice系数次之,为0.719;Jaccard和Dice系数的系统树一致性最高,CI_c为1。Nei’s基因多样性指数在种级水平上和类群水平上分别为0.603和0.374,相应的Shannon’s信息指数分别为1.041和0.591。40个桃品种在聚类中首先分为观赏桃和食用桃2大类,再细分为各类群,聚类结果与传统系谱基本吻合。【结论】基于NCBI数据库中桃的EST信息开发的SSR引物多态性较好,可用于桃的SSR分析。Jaccard和Dice系数适合桃的SSR分析。桃品种总体遗传多样性较丰富,但水蜜桃品种仍需加强种质创新。