Renal ultrasonographic evaluation in the oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus).

Ultrasonography is currently used in veterinary medicine to examine the anatomy and physiology of internal organs and to establish normal standards for exotic animal species. Specifically, the kidneys may be evaluated and measured in length, width, and height. The kidneys in 33 oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), including 20 males and 13 females, were opportunistically located, characterized, and measured by ultrasound using a 7.5-MHz linear transducer at two different zoologic facilities in S?o Paulo, Brazil. Renal volume was calculated from these linear measurements. The mean linear measurements and volume of the right and left kidneys were not significantly different.     

外源油菜素甾酮处理水稻对褐飞虱取食和产卵选择性等行为的影响

为了解经油菜素甾酮处理后水稻对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的抗性,通过在水稻培养液中添加不同浓度的油菜素甾酮,观察水稻对褐飞虱取食和产卵、若虫生长发育、羽化等行为的影响,评估油菜素甾酮在水稻抗虫防御反应中的作用。结果表明,水稻培养液中的油菜素甾酮可被水稻有效吸收并产生生理活性。经0.01～10μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理后水稻叶片弯曲程度均显著增加,其叶角分别为对照的3.3～11.0倍。褐飞虱取食和产卵嗜好性与油菜素甾酮处理浓度密切相关,经较低浓度0.005～0.05μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理的水稻能显著降低褐飞虱雌成虫的取食和产卵嗜好性,其产卵量为对照的35.0%～73.9%;而较高浓度0.1～5μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理则增加褐飞虱雌成虫的取食和产卵嗜好性,其产卵量为对照的1.3～1.8倍。0.01、1、5、10μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理的水稻显著降低褐飞虱若虫的羽化率,为对照的32.5%～53.3%。0.1～10μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理显著缩短褐飞虱若虫发育历期,仅为对照的94.1%～96.9%。褐飞虱若虫存活数和初羽化雌成虫体重分别仅在0.1、10μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理下显著降低。表明油菜素甾酮处理水稻可对水稻抗虫防御反应产生影响,其具有作为生态功能分子用于褐飞虱田间防控的潜力。     

Use of real-time PCR to examine the relationship between disease severity in pea and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphanomyces euteiches</Emphasis> DNA content in roots

Aphanomyces euteiches causes severe root rot of peas. Resistance is limited in commercial pea cultivars. Real-time fluorescent PCR assay specific for A. euteiches was used to study the relationship between disease severity and pathogen DNA content in infected peas. Five pea genotypes ranging in levels of resistance were inoculated with five isolates of A. euteiches. Plants were visually rated for disease development and the amount of pathogen DNA in roots was determined using the PCR assay. The susceptible genotypes Genie, DSP and Bolero tended to have significantly more disease and more pathogen DNA than the resistant genotypes 90-2079 and PI 180693. PI 180693 consistently had less disease, while 90-2079 had the lowest amount of pathogen DNA. The Spearman correlation between pathogen DNA quantity and disease development was positive and significant (P < 0.05) for three isolates, but was not significant for two other isolates. This suggests that the real-time PCR assay may have limited application as a selection tool for resistance in pea to A. euteiches. Its utility as a selection tool would be dependent on the correlation between disease development and pathogen DNA content for a given pathogen isolate. The accuracy and specificity of the real-time PCR assay suggests considerable application for the assay in the study of mechanisms of disease resistance and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants.     

戊唑醇分子印迹传感器制备及其农药残留检测的电学传感机理分析

以甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,戊唑醇(tebuconazole,TEB)为模板分子,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,应用电化学聚合法制备了分子印迹电化学传感器(TEB-MIP/F-CNTs/GCE)。利用循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry,CV)和交流阻抗法(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,EIS)对新型传感器进行了表征,并用差分脉冲伏安法(differential pulse voltammetry,DPV)考察了新型传感器对戊唑醇的检测性能。结果表明:戊唑醇分子印迹电化学传感器具有一定特异性;传感器表观表面积比裸电极显著提高;新型传感器具有良好的印迹效果,相较于其他结构类似的三唑类化合物(如苯醚甲环唑),TEB-MIP/F-CNTs/GCE对戊唑醇表现出高效的识别能力,具有专一性和强选择性,且在C_(TEB)≤2.0×10~(-6)mol/L范围内传感器峰电流与C_(TEB)存在定量关系;数据模拟分析得到传感器的电学阻抗谱等效电路模型为R_1(CPE_1(R_2(CPE_2(R_3)))),计算各电极/传感器的等效电路中各元件参数,证明该模型能有效地模拟传感器检测戊唑醇的传感机理。该研究结果可为三唑类农药残留仿生免疫检测方法的建立提供技术支撑。     

Capsid protein sequence gene analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apple mosaic virus</Emphasis> infecting pears

Apple mosaic virus (ApMV, genus Ilarvirus) was detected in pears, a previously non-reported virus host. No symptoms were visible on the hosts leaves. Seventeen out of 22 randomly selected pear trees in Italy (Lombardy) and in three regions in the Czech Republic were ApMV-infected. All nine newly sequenced ApMV isolates from pears had a 15-nucleotide insertion in the capsid protein gene in identical position of that of apple isolates compared with isolates from hop and prunes. The insertion is the most prominent (but not essential) modification of the capsid protein gene, which results in a phylogenetic separation of ApMV isolates into three clusters. Sequence analysis data of an additional 15 isolates revealed a sequence correlation with kernelled fruit trees (apple and pear).     

The use of Verticillium dahliae and Diplodia scrobiculata to induce resistance in Pinus halepensis against Diplodia pinea infection

The pathogenic fungi Verticillium alboatrum and Diplodia scrobiculata were assayed for biological control of Diplodia pinea on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). Young shoots were pre-treated with inoculations of either V. dahliae or D. scrobiculata, by placing colonized agar plugs on wounds made by removing a single needle fascicle. An inoculation with D. pinea was performed 15 days later. Two months after the shoot inoculations, the canker length on the stems was measured and the percentage of shoot dieback calculated. Verticillium dahliae and D. scrobiculata were found to significantly reduce the canker length of D. pinea (P < 0.05) when compared with positive controls. Diplodia pinea was slightly more sensitive to V. dahliae than to D. scrobiculata, but no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the mean canker length between the two treatments. Trees pre-inoculated with V. dahliae resulted in 31.12% shoot dieback, while those pre-inoculated with D. scrobiculata resulted in 32.18% shoot dieback, compared with positive controls (42.85%).     

Variable response of open-pollinated seedling progeny of avocado to Phytophthora root rot

Phytophthora root rot, caused byPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is the most important disease of avocado (Persea americana Miller). In an attempt to identify root rot-resistant rootstocks that could ultimately be used under conditions in southern Florida, we screened open-pollinated progeny of avocado from the National Germplasm Repository in Miami. From 1996 to 1998, a total of 2,355 seedlings from 51 accessions were examined in potting mix artificially infested withP. cinnamomi. Most seedlings developed severe root rot, but tolerance was observed in some families (i.e., progeny of certain accessions). Although the most susceptible families developed mean disease ratings of up to 97% root necrosis, mean ratings for the most tolerant families were less than 60%. There was also a strong relationship between the racial background of the female parent and the tolerance of seedlings. Seedlings of the West Indian race and hybrids between it and the Guatemalan race were significantly more tolerant than those from other parents (P< 0.05). Individuals in several families developed < 50% root necrosis, the arbitrary standard of tolerance in this study. Twelve families accounted for 82% (188 of 229) of the tolerant seedlings, and only two of these did not have a West Indian or Guatemalan × West Indian pedigree. Broad-sense heritability for PRR tolerance was 0.45. This is the first report on the inheritance of PRR tolerance in avocado and on the influence of genotype and racial pedigree under controlled conditions.     

龟甲冬青枝枯病及其病原菌鉴定

于2002-2005年连续3年观察了杭州龟甲冬青枝枯病的症状,该病害先在嫩枝枝条发病,病斑初为水渍状斑点,后扩大成暗褐色的不规则形病斑。从发病部位分离培养出病原菌,根据其分生孢子的形态、大小和核糖体DNA内转录间隔区的序列,鉴定为褐纹拟茎点霉［Phomopsis vexans (Sacc.et Syd.) Harter］。本文对该病害症状和病原形态特征进行了描述。     

利用流式细胞术鉴定桦木染色体倍性和DNA含量

基于流式细胞术（FCM）研究体系,构建能快速、准确鉴定桦木属植物倍性和测定DNA含量的研究体系,是测定不同桦木属植物倍性与基因组大小的有效方法。使用流式细胞术检测7种桦树属类物种,以物种不同生长状态（嫩叶、幼叶、成熟叶）为实验材料,不同存储方式（常温、冷藏和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮保存PVP）进行实验处理,对9种常用的裂解液进行筛选与优化。结果表明：桦木属植物DNA含量测定中,新鲜幼叶以1% PVP浸泡常温保存,并使用MgSO₄裂解液制备细胞核悬浮液上机效果最佳;桦木属植物中,基因组倍性依次为黑桦（(2.09 ± 0.04) Gb,8倍体） > 坚桦（(1.53 ± 0.08) Gb,6倍体） > 光皮桦（(0.87 ± 0.05) Gb,4倍体）=岳桦（(0.80 ± 0.07) Gb,4倍体） > 垂枝桦（(0.46 ± 0.03) Gb,2倍体）=河桦（(0.51 ± 0.01) Gb,2倍体）。因此,桦木属植物DNA倍性和DNA含量可以通过FCM研究体系进行测定,且3倍体（(0.66 ± 0.02) Gb）子代的鉴定结果表明光皮桦与河桦之间不存在生殖隔离。     

斜插式蔬菜嫁接机砧木夹持机构研制与试验

针对传统嫁接机采用整体式夹持片作为砧木夹持机构无法矫正砧木苗弯曲度而造成砧木苗夹持损伤,夹持力无法调节的缺点,该文以葫芦苗作为试验对象,在分析了葫芦苗结构参数和力学特性的基础上,设计开发了一种应用于斜插式蔬菜嫁接机并通过凸形和凹形夹持片交叉夹紧、夹持机构厚度和夹持力大小可调的砧木夹持机构,并确定了该机构的主要结构参数。试验结果表明,与普通夹持机构相比,该机构对砧木苗具有较好的导向作用,能较好地矫正砧木苗的弯曲状态,夹持成功率达到100%,提高了13.3个百分点,伤苗率仅为1.67%,比普通夹持机构减小了11.63个百分点,所设计的嫁接机砧木苗夹持机构是可行的。该研究可为蔬菜砧木苗嫁接机的设计提供参考。