Artificial polyploidy in medicinal plants: Advancement in the last two decades and impending prospects

Medicinal plants are in huge demand since the consumption is widespread and ever-increasing globally. The conventional breeding programs are generally environmental dependent; prone to different biotic and abiotic stresses as well as the secondary metabolite content is too low to harvest. In this context, developing polyploid individuals artificially would be a remarkable approach to increase vigor and attain this objective. Polyploids often exhibit some morphological features that are different or greater in forms than their diploid progenies. Polyploidization can be induced by quite a few antimitotic agents. The most frequently used antimitotic chemicals are colchicine, trifluralin, and oryzalin. The whole method of induced chromosome doubling consists of a series of steps, including an induction phase, regrowth phase, and a confirmation technique to evaluate the rate of achievement. The induction phase depends on different factors, such as explant types, antimitotic agents, its different concentrations, and exposure durations. To evaluate the accomplishment of polyploidization, morphological or anatomical observations are recorded as a rapid method. However, chromosome count and flow cytometry are the most eminent method for absolute confirmation. Despite significant prospects of polyploidization, there has been very little research on medicinal plants. The current review gives an overview of the different parameters of in vitro chromosome doubling, the history of the technique, and progress made over the last two decades.     

Determination of Energy Use Efficiency of some Apple (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus x domestica</Emphasis>) Production in Turkey: a Case Study of Eğirdir Region

This research aims to make an analysis of energy use efficiency of apple (‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’) production in E?irdir region of Turkey, during the production season of 2012. Production data this research was collected in 2013. In order to determine the energy use efficiency of apple, various surveys have been conducted in 71 apple farms, selected through Simple Random Sampling method, located in E?irdir region of Turkey. The data have been collected through face to face questionnaires and first hand observations. The energy input and output values in apple production have been calculated as 34,703.63 MJ ha^?1 and 95,034 MJ ha^?1, respectively. Energy inputs consist of diesel fuel energy by 29.04?%, chemical fertilizers energy by 24.28?%, machinery energy by 15.70?%, chemical energy by 9.84?%, human labor energy by 8.54?%, electricity energy by 5.63?%, irrigation energy by 3.97?%, farmyard manure energy by 2.88?% and lime energy by 0.12?%. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy in apple production have been calculated as 2.74, 1.16 kg MJ^?1, 0.86 MJ kg^?1 and 60,330.36 MJ ha^?1, respectively. The total energy input consumed has been classified as direct, by 47.17?%, indirect, by 52.83?%, renewable, by 15.38?% and non-renewable, by 74.62?%.     

Chemical and Non-Chemical Thinning Treatments Influence Berry Growth and Composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cv.</Emphasis> Shiraz Wine Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

Yield management is important subject in modern grape growing and winter pruning and cluster thinning treatments were used for yield control. Standard cluster thinning is generally labor intensive and expensive method and grape growers try to new methods, which are alternative to cluster thinning for reducing berry set. The goal of the present research was to investigate the effects of chemical thinning treatments such as ethephon (ETH), gibberellic acid (GA₃), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and non-chemical thinning treatments such as early leaf removal (ELR) and standard cluster thinning (SCT) on decreasing grape yield and enhancing berry composition of cv. Shiraz. In this study, percentages of berry set of cv. Shiraz were decreased by both chemical and non-chemical thinning treatments compared to Control. The results from these two different thinning methods shown certainly significant differences in berry composition of cv. Shiraz. Eventually, the best results in improved quality characteristics of cv. Shiraz were obtained from ELR treatment and treatments of ELR, ETH, GA_3, NAA and SCT successively resulted in considerable enhancements in quality attributes of cv. Shiraz.     

Determination of Energy Input-Output Analysis in Plum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus domestica</Emphasis> L.) Production

The aim of this research is to compose the energy input-output analysis of plum in Nevsehir province in Turkey. This research was conducted at the plum cultivating facilities during the 2015–2016 production seasons in Nevsehir province of Central Anatolian Region in Turkey. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in plum cultivation were calculated to determine the energy input-output analysis. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in plum cultivation were calculated respectively 3920?MJ ha^?1 (44.99%) chemical fertilizers energy, 1618.91?MJ ha^?1 (18.58%) diesel fuel energy, 1125.85?MJ ha^?1 (12.92%) chemicals energy, 1069.20?MJ ha^?1 (12.27%) machinery energy, 723.24?MJ ha^?1 (8.30%) human labour energy and 255?MJ ha^?1 (2.93%) irrigation water energy. Production output plum yield were calculated as 12,112.50?MJ ha^?1. The energy output/input ratio, specific energy, energy usage efficiency and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 1.39, 1.37?MJ kg^?1, 0.73?kg MJ^?1 and 3400.30?MJ ha^?1.     

Seasonal Changes of Shoot Carbohydrates and Growth Characteristics of ‘Trakya İlkeren’ Grape Variety (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

This research was conducted to determine the changes in the seasonal carbohydrates of annual shoots and growth characteristics of 10 years old ‘Trakya ?lkeren’ grape variety. Grapevines are grafted on 5BB and 5C rootstocks and they were grown in heavy clay soil conditions. In the study, changes of sugar, starch and total carbohydrates were determined from bud burst to dormancy. While sugar, starch and total carbohydrates showed significant differences (P < 0.01) there were no differences between rootstocks. Although sugar, starch and total carbohydrates of shoots decreased from bud burst to blooming, they increased thereafter until vegetative growth stopped. Total carbohydrates of annual shoots have been found to accumulate in period from blooming to harvest. Total and mean leaf area, shoot length and diameter, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio showed significantly variation among rootstocks and phenological stages (P < 0.01). Whereas the highest chlorophyll contents were found in the blooming, it was found at the lowest through to harvest. Overall mean and total leaf area, shoot length and shoot diameter, total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio were significantly higher on 5BB grafted vines. In the study, 5BB rootstocks are found suitable in terms of shoot carbohydrate accumulation and growth characteristics for ‘Trakya ?lkeren’ grape variety.     

Effects of Iron Sulfate,Zinc Sulfate,Iron Chelate,Powder Sulphur and Humic Acid Applications on Vegetative Growth of Sweet Cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus avium</Emphasis> L.)

This study was carried out in ?scehisar district of Afyonkarahisar on ‘0900-Ziraat’ sweet cherry cultivar for two successive years in 2011 and 2012. Ten different applications consisting of 80?g FeSO₄.7H₂O tree^?1, 20?g FeEDDHA tree^?1, 420?mL TK?-Hümas tree^?1, 80?g FeSO₄.7H₂O + 420?mL TK?-Hümas tree^?1, 200?g powder sulphur (S) tree^?1, 80?g FeSO₄.7H₂O + 200?g powder S tree^?1, 25?g ZnSO₄.7H₂O tree^?1, 25?g ZnSO₄.7H₂O + 420?mL TK?-Hümas tree^?1 and 25?g ZnSO₄.7H₂O + 200?g powder S tree^?1 were subjected for determination of their effect on vegetative growth of sweet cherry. In this study, shoot diameter, shoot length, leaf total chlorophyll content, leaf area and leaf iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents were obtained. Shoot length, shoot diameter and leaf area showed general increases in 80?g FeSO₄.7H₂O + 200?g powder S tree^?1 and 25?g ZnSO₄.7H₂O + 200?g powder S tree^?1 treatments.The results clearly indicated that he treatments had different effects on the shoot length and shoot diameter although there was a differences between the experimental years. Particularly, significantly positive effects of the treatments on leaf total chlorophyll was apparent for the second year’s observations. In addition, Fe and Zn concentrations in leaf were markedly increased in response to the treatments.     

菜薹蛋白精氨酸甲基转移酶基因BrcuPRMT5的克隆及表达分析

以‘油青49’和‘油青甜菜薹80’菜薹茎尖为材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得组蛋白甲基转移酶基因Brcu PRMT5的全长cDNA和gDNA序列。BrcuPRMT5 cDNA序列全长为2 117 bp,其中完整开放阅读框为1 929 bp,编码642个氨基酸,相对分子量为71.55 kD,理论等电点(p I)为5.87;多序列比对结果表明,Brcu PRMT5编码的氨基酸序列含有高等植物PRMT5基因1个高度保守的结构域;系统发育分析结果显示与大白菜、油菜及甘蓝的亲缘关系最近;亚细胞定位软件分析得知,Brcu PRMT5蛋白无跨膜区域,可能定位于线粒体中;对应的gDNA全长为4 151 bp,含有23个外显子和22个内含子,最长的外显子长度为140 bp,内含子的长度范围为50~150 bp。利用半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR技术分析基因的表达,BrcuPRMT5在菜薹不同组织中均有表达,其中在花中表达量最高,叶次之,根中最低;BrcuPRMT5从苗期至完全抽薹开花期的表达量呈现上升趋势。BrcuPRMT5在菜薹花发育过程中可能起一定的调控作用。     

钾肥减量分期施用对莴笋产量和品质的效应研究

通过大田试验研究了紫色菜园土壤钾肥减量分期施用对莴笋产量和品质的影响。结果表明：两个试验点钾肥减量10%~30%分期施用对莴笋产量有提高作用,各处理以K2（钾肥减量10%分期等量追施）效应最好,增产最大（4.2%和4.5%）、施肥利润最高（84923元/hm²和72075元/hm²）。两个试验点莴笋叶维生素C含量均呈下降趋势,K2处理较常规施肥(CK)处理均显著降低莴笋叶维生素C含量（8.0%和8.7%）;而莴笋茎维生素C含量变化规律不一致。钾肥减量分期施用降低两个试验点莴笋叶和茎硝酸盐含量,以K4处理（钾肥减量30%分期等量追施）降低作用最大;从莴笋叶和茎糖组分的均衡性看,以K3处理最好。钾肥减量分期施用对两个试验点莴笋叶必需氨基酸含量有显著增加作用,改善叶氨基酸品质性状,但降低莴笋茎必需氨基酸含量和品质性状;莴笋氨基酸品质性状以K4处理为最优,其次是K2处理。综合考虑莴笋产量和品质,紫色菜园土壤以K2处理（钾肥减量10%分期等量追施）最优。     

比格犬胫神经皮层体感诱发电位正常值研究

为了测定比格犬胫神经皮层体感诱发电位(somatosensory evoked potential,SEP)的波形及其潜伏期和波幅的正常值。选用15只健康比格犬,在异氟烷吸入麻醉状态下,使用肌电诱发电位仪电刺激其胫神经,将自制参考电极和记录电极分别放置于头部Fz处和Cz处记录SEP波形。结果表明:15只比格犬刺激左右侧胫神经均可记录到清晰的双向SEP波。刺激左侧胫神经引发的波形潜伏期为P(21.71±1.978)ms、N(32.61±2.568)ms、P-N(10.90±1.338)ms,其变异系数分别为9.11%、7.87%、12.88%;波幅为(2.762±1.230)μV,变异系数为41.47%;刺激右侧胫神经引发的波形潜伏期为P(21.49±1.985)ms、N(32.55±2.359)ms、P-N(11.06±1.153)ms,其变异系数分别为9.24%、7.25%、10.24%;波幅为(2.634±1.092)μV,变异系数为44.55%。潜伏期和波幅左右侧差异均不显著(P0.05)。对正常比格犬胫神经皮层SEP的测定,获得了清晰的SEP波形及各波潜伏期和波幅的正常值,印证了潜伏期的稳定性优于波幅的稳定性,可以为实验室研究犬病理状态下的SEP和宠物临床应用SEP诊断疾病提供参考依据。     

稻瘟病胁迫下水稻叶片叶绿素含量与光谱特征参数的相关性研究

为实现受稻瘟病侵染水稻叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱反演,以‘陵两优268’为研究对象,测定受稻瘟病侵染的85个水稻叶片样品的叶绿素含量和高光谱反射率,分析受稻瘟病侵染的水稻叶片高光谱反射率与叶绿素含量间的相关关系,使用线性与非线性回归技术建立叶绿素含量反演模型。结果显示:叶绿素含量与原始光谱及一阶导数光谱的敏感波段分别发生在700 nm和752 nm,基于光谱特征参数SDr的回归模型均方根误差为1.27,平均相对误差为10.2%。研究表明受稻瘟病侵染水稻叶片光谱反射率差异明显,基于光谱特征参数SDr的回归模型预测叶绿素含量具有较高的精度。