Monitoring water interception by crop fields from passive microwave observations

In the present work, the time variations of a wheat field microwave emission are analysed during irrigation phases. The aim of the study is to investigate the use of low-frequency microwave measurements to monitor hydrological variables over a wheat crop: surface soil moisture and water interception by the vegetation canopy. The irrigation phases were representative of rainfall or dew events. It appears that the radiometric measurements are strongly sensitive to the hydrological characteristics of the soil and of the vegetation canopy. The 1.4GHz measurements are mainly sensitive to surface soil moisture m_v, whereas the 5 GHz measurements are sensitive to both m_v and to the vegetation water content W_v. A simple model approach is implemented to retrieve simultaneously these two surface parameters. The results of this procedure show the high potential of the microwave remote sensing measurements to monitor the time variations of soil moisture and of the total vegetation water content. The value of the wheat water storage capacity is derived from the microwave measurements and is in good agreement with experimental data.     

Management of human health risk in the context of kitchen gardens polluted by lead and cadmium near a lead recycling company

Purpose

At the global scale, gardening activities are often performed in urban areas with a historical background of pollution. In this study, a participatory program was developed with citizens concerned by gardening activities near a 50-year-old regulated lead recycling company, with the aim of co-constructing the tools for the assessment and management of potential sanitary risks induced by historic pollution with persistent (eco) toxic metals: lead and cadmium.

Materials and methods

Soils and vegetables (lettuce, leek, celery, carrot, chard, pumpkin, and celeriac) samples were collected from four kitchen gardens neighboring a 50-year-old secondary lead smelter. Both total and in vitro human bioaccessible metal concentrations in the cultivated plants were measured in relation to soil characteristics.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the soils of these gardens were slightly contaminated by metals (Pb, 77 to 236 mg kg^?1; and Cd, 0.5 to 1 mg kg^?1) in comparison with the natural geologic background. However, significant pollution of vegetables can occur especially with lead (Pb up to 9.8 mg kg^?1 in lettuce) and certainly as a result of direct foliar transfer. The washing of plants before consumption is therefore recommended in the context of atmospheric fallout of ultrafine particles enriched with metals.

Conclusions

Metal bioaccessibility measure integrates the influence of metal type, plant type, and soil physico-chemical properties. Based on the results, it is proposed that human bioaccessible fraction of metals may also be currently taken into account as well as total metal quantities and bioaccumulation factors in risk assessment studies performed in gardens. Overall, this study has led to reflections and functional recommendations aimed at reducing human exposure and to finally developing sustainable gardening practices.

     

2000-2020年河南省土地利用强度与碳排放脱钩关系

[目的] 测度土地利用碳排放效应,探索土地利用与碳排放之间的脱钩关系,进而揭示土地利用变化的碳排放规律,为制定资源保护和生态文明政策提供科学依据。[方法] 以中国农业典型生产中心地区、中国人口大省——河南省为研究区域,基于近20 a间土地利用现状遥感监测数据,从县域尺度研究土地利用碳排放和土地利用强度的时空格局演变特征,并借助于脱钩分析的理论框架来检测它们之间的脱钩关系。[结果] ①在研究期间,碳排放呈现出明显的空间异质性。豫中地区、豫北地区碳排放水平明显高于其他区域;平原地区和大城市周边地区的碳排放明显高于山区和丘陵地区。②研究期间土地利用强度持续增加,豫中地区土地利用强度明显高于豫南地区,而豫北地区土地利用强度分布表现出明显的空间集聚现象。③研究期间土地利用强度和碳排放二者的主要关系类型为扩张负脱钩和强脱钩,需要从资源高消耗、高碳排放的双高模式不断向资源低消耗、低碳排放的低碳发展模式转变。[结论] 不同阶段、不同地区在土地利用强度与碳排放之间的脱钩关系程度方面有着明显差异,应采用差异性管控政策,促进生态环境保护和经济发展之间形成协调稳定的发展关系。     

苹果黑星病在陇东的年消长动态及在不同苹果品种上的病情差异

陇东生态条件下,田间观察了苹果黑星病在同一年度内不同时期、不同苹果品种上的发生程度,分析了病害的年消长动态和不同苹果品种的抗性差异。结果表明：该病害在陇东地区于5月下旬开始发病,之后的病情呈“阶梯式”上升态势,5月25日至6月23日的病害流行速率达到0.123 9,为病情快速发展期;7月14日至7月27日和8月18日至9月8日的病害流行速率分别为0.032 0和 0.021 4,为病情较快发展期;6月23日至7月14日和7月27日至8月18日的病害流行速率分别为0.005 4和0.005 5,为病情缓慢发展期;9月8日之后病情不再发展。不同苹果品种的抗病性存在明显差异,‘美国8号’和‘皮诺瓦’表现免疫;‘静宁1号’‘瑞阳’‘秦脆’‘蜜脆’‘华硕’‘陆奥’‘金冠’‘无锈金矮生’‘寒富’‘艾达红’‘摩力士’和‘国光’等品种相对抗病性指数0.902～0.997,表现高抗;‘成纪1号’‘烟富3号’‘秋富1号’‘长富2号’‘宫崎短富’‘烟富6号’‘龙富’‘延长红’‘2001富士’‘烟富1号’‘首富3号’等富士系品种及维纳斯黄金‘嘎啦’‘瑞雪’‘爵士’‘印度青’‘凉香’‘美味’‘青香蕉’‘阿斯’‘新红星’等品种相对抗病性指数0.000～0.645,表现高感或中感。可见,利用杀菌剂遏制园内病情发展的关键时期在5月下旬至6月下旬,其次在7月中下旬和8月中旬至9月上旬;表现高抗和免疫的苹果品种在黑星病流行地区有较大推广应用价值。     

An unexpected host for the endangered giant freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) as a conservation tool

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Multiplex PCR genotyping for five bacterial blight resistance genes applied to marker‐assisted selection in rice (Oryza sativa)

Bacterial blight (BB) is the most economically damaging disease of rice in Asia and other parts of the world. In this study, a multiplex PCR genotyping method was developed to simultaneously identify genotypes of five BB resistance genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21. The resistance R alleles were amplified using five functional markers (FMs) to generate amplicons of 217, 103, 179, 381 and 595 bp in IRBB66. Amplicons of 198, 107, 87, 391 and 467 bp corresponded to susceptible alleles in Taiwanese japonica rice cultivars. In backcross breeding programmes, the multiplex PCR assay was integrated into selection from a population using BB resistance donor IRBB66 crossed to rice cultivar ‘Tainung82’. Two plants with homozygosity for Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21 were selected from 1100 BC₂F₂ plants. In addition, the five BB resistance genes were also accurately identified in F₂ populations. This multiplex PCR method provides a rapid and efficient method for detecting various BB resistance genes, which will assist in pyramiding genes to improve durability of BB resistance in Taiwanese elite rice cultivars.     

研究生科研文献需求分析及保障

主要分析了研究生科研文献需求的特点,阐述了图书馆应强化为研究生服务的意识,建立全面的科研文献覆盖体系,编制不同的检索工具;建设特色数据库和网络信息平台;同时要加强研究生信息素质教育,提高研究生信息检索能力。     

Organic residue mass at planting is an excellent predictor of tree growth in Eucalyptus plantations established on a sandy tropical soil

Tropical plantation forests are meeting an increasing proportion of global wood demand and comprehensive studies assessing the impact of silvicultural practices on tree and soil functioning are required to achieve sustainable yields. The objectives of our study were: (1) to quantify the effects of contrasting organic residue (OR) retention methods on tree growth and soil nutrient pools over a full Eucalyptus rotation and (2) to assess the potential of soil analyses to predict yields of fast-growing plantations established on tropical sandy soils. An experiment was set up in the Congo at the harvesting of the first rotation after afforestation of a native herbaceous savanna. Six treatments were set up in 0.26 ha plots and replicated in 4 blocks, with OR mass at planting ranging from 0 to 46.5 Mg ha⁻¹. Tree growth over the whole rotation was highly dependent on OR management at planting. Over-bark trunk volume 7 years after planting ranged from 96 m³ ha⁻¹ in the treatment with forest floor and harvest residue removal at planting to 164 m³ ha⁻¹ in the treatment with the largest amount of OR. A comparison of nutrient stocks within the ecosystem at planting and at the end of the rotation suggested that nutrient contents in OR were largely involved in the different response observed between treatments. OR management treatments did not significantly modify most of the nutrient concentrations in the upper layers of the mineral soil. Conventional soil analyses performed before planting and at ages 1 and 3 years were unable to detect differences between treatments despite large differences in tree growth. In contrast, linear regressions between stand aboveground biomass at harvesting and OR mass at planting (independent variable) showed that OR mass was an excellent predictor of stand yield (R² = 0.99). A large share of soil fertility comes from organic material above the mineral soil in highly weathered sandy soils and OR mass at planting might be used in conjunction with soil analyses to assess the potential of these soils to support forest plantations.     

Influence of plant species and phosphorus amendments on metal speciation and bioavailability in a smelter impacted soil: a case study of food-chain contamination

Purpose

The present research aimed to assess the influence of two phosphorous (P) amendments on metal speciation in rhizosphere soil and the soil–plant transfer of metals.

Materials and methods

Complementary experiments were performed: field experiments on a contaminated cultivated soil and laboratory experiments on an uncultivated contaminated soil to highlight the mechanisms involved in metal-phosphorous interactions. In laboratory experiment, P amendments were added at 120 mg P/kg of soluble KH₂PO₄ amendment and 9,000 mg P/kg of solid Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH amendment.

Results and discussion

Field-culture results showed the possible food-chain contamination due to Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn phytoaccumulation by pea and mustard plants from a cultivated agricultural soil. Moreover, P-metal complexes were observed by microscopy in the rhizosphere soil. In laboratory experiments, the application of P amendments significantly increased Pb and Zn level in rhizosphere soil compared to control. Phosphate amendments significantly increased metal-P fraction and decreased “oxides” and “organic matter” fractions of Pb and Zn. Soluble-P amendment was more effective than solid P amendment in changing Pb and Zn speciation. The changes in metal speciation are higher in the rhizosphere soil of pea than tomato. Application of P amendments increased Pb and Zn TF root/soil but decreased TF shoot/root.

Conclusions

The effectiveness of in situ metal immobilization technique varies with the type and quantity of applied P amendment as well as plant and metal type.