覆膜和露地旱作春玉米生长与蒸散动态比较

利用土壤水分传感器、微型蒸渗仪与涡度相关系统,连续监测覆膜和露地春玉米田土壤水分、蒸发和农田蒸散,分析春玉米田蒸散与土壤蒸发变化规律,探讨了覆膜玉米高产节水增效的机理。结果表明:与露地相比,覆膜的表层土壤温度和体积含水率分别提高4.9%和19.5%。覆膜、露地处理玉米出苗率分别为99.0%和80.0%,其差异为显著水平,覆膜提早春玉米各生育阶段平均为7d,全生育期缩短11d。生育前期、中期,覆膜的叶面积指数、株高和地上、地下干物质均显著高于露地的,播种一个月后差异最大,分别高110.2%、13.5%、42.9%和12.7%。玉米拔节期前(6月前)和8月后至玉米成熟,覆膜的农田蒸散量分别比露地的低6.8%和0.4%,但6-8月覆膜的比露地的高5.1%。全生育期覆膜的农田蒸散量为376.2mm,降低了6.0%,且土壤蒸发降低了57.7%。最终单株平均果穗质量、生物量差异不显著。但是,由于覆膜显著提高了出苗率从而增加了单位面积生物产量和经济产量,增幅分别为23.7%和15.3%。同时,覆膜作物水分利用效率提高了22.6%,达到31.3kg/(hm2·mm)。可见,覆膜能显著降低土壤蒸发和农田总蒸散量;保水增温促出苗,提前玉米各生育期;生育中期日蒸散量和干物质积累速率较高;最终显著提高单位面积生物产量和经济产量以及作物水分利用效率。     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the Northern China plain and Northeastern China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is strongly related to soil type and management practices. Changes in government policy have brought drastic changes in farm management practices in the last two decades in rural China. This study investigates changes in SOM in two different soils: Ustepts and Udolls. Ustepts, in the North China Plain where the climate is warm and sub-humid, developed from an alluvial flood plain with organic matter <10 g kg⁻¹. Udolls, in Northeastern China where the climate is cool and sub-humid, developed from loess-like materials with organic matter >20 g kg⁻¹. Two locations for Ustepts and three locations for Udolls were used to collect 567 soil samples in 1980–1982 and again in 2000 for SOM analysis. Soil organic matter increased for Ustepts and decreased for Udolls soils over the sampling period, resulting from differences in fertilizer rates and crop residue input to soil. Higher fertilizer input and crop intensity and initially very low SOM content in Ustepts all contributed to greater OM input than oxidation release. In contrast, lower fertilizer input and crop intensity, and initially high SOM content in the Udolls, led to lower OM input than oxidation release. Increasing SOM content through higher mineral fertilizer input is a valuable option for sustainable agriculture production in areas where SOM is low and there is a shortage or potential shortage of food supply.     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

谷物种子萌发时淀粉酶活性测定影响因素分析

采用碘.淀粉比色法,研究不同室温、不同水浴温度、不同萌发天数小麦种子萌发时淀粉酶活性的大小.结果表明:室温20℃左右,水浴40℃,萌发天数5 d时,淀粉酶的活性最强.在一定范围内,随着室温、水浴温度的升高,萌发天数的增长,糖化时间会缩短,淀粉酶的活性也会随之上升.     

我国玉米深加工业发展探析

玉米是“粮—饲—经”三元结构属性的粮食作物,在我国农业生产和国民经济发展中占有重要的地位.发展玉米深加工业对于促进农业增效、农民增收、粮食增产和发展地方经济有着积极的影响.针对目前我国玉米深加工业在发展过程中遇到了原料短缺、产品结构不合理和深加工企业风险防范能力差等问题,提出了拓宽玉米资源的供给渠道,建立技术创新体系和扶持玉米深加工龙头企业发展的对策.     

基于动态性能的车架结构模型分析研究

客车车架的动态特性是影响整车振动舒适性的关键因素。为探讨纵横梁结构对某轻型客车车架动态特性的影响,建立车架的研究性模型,对研究性模型进行多种方案的计算分析,综合各方案的计算结果,确定影响车架动态特性最大的结构特征,以此为基础对原车架进行改进,提高了车架的模态频率。计算结果表明,该研究方法简便有效,可推广应用于对其它结构的研究。     

超临界CO_2流体萃取技术提取核桃油的研究

以新鲜的核桃仁为原料 ,研究了在超临界状态下物料的粉碎度、萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间对核桃油萃取效果的影响。结果表明 ,超临界 CO2 流体萃取核桃油的最佳工艺条件为粉碎度 3 0目、萃取压强 3 0 MPa、萃取温度 4 5℃、萃取时间 5 h,此条件下核桃油的萃取率可达 93 .98%。     

现代节水农业理念与技术探索

从人类农业生产方式发展历程出发,在分析论证灌溉农业与节水灌溉技术、旱作农业与旱作高效用水技术、节水农业与节水农业技术的基础上,提出了现代节水农业的理念,并对现代节水农业及技术进行了有益探索,初步提出了现代节水农业技术体系框架。提出所谓现代节水农业就是指在确保区域生态健康与环境安全的前提下,以维持植物生命健康实施精量给水与智能化配水,尽量减少植物生命过程和给水过程中的无效水量,提高农业综合用水效益的一种农业生产方式。支撑现代节水农业发展的技术称其为现代节水农业技术,现代节水农业技术体系应包括节水植物品种鉴选、植物生命健康需水过程调控、植物精量给水、土气界面聚墒抑蒸、气植界面水循环、异源水植物利用、区域智能化配水等7大技术,这7项技术基本上构成了现代节水农业技术体系框架。     

河北省耕地占补平衡折算信息系统设计——基于Visual Basic

通过对河北省耕地占补平衡的研究,建立了不同质量耕地的折算关系,但是折算方法复杂,并且纯手工以纸质为媒介的耕地占补折算工作要求操作人员有一定的专业知识,给耕地占补折算工作的推行和土地管理工作造成诸多不便.为此,通过系统分析的方法,遵循不同质量耕地的折算关系和折算方法,对河北省分等数据与方法进行分析筛选建立数据库,利用SQL Server和Visual Basic等工具实现系统的建立,并通过对河北省耕地占补平衡信息系统的结构和流程分析,提出系统建设的技术路线.     

温室滴灌条件下水分亏缺对番茄生长及生理特性的影响

为确定温室滴灌条件下番茄高产高效的适宜土壤水分控制指标,采用小区试验方法,在温室滴灌条件下研究了不同时期水分亏缺对番茄生长发育及生理特性的影响。研究结果表明,任何生育阶段发生水分亏缺均会降低番茄叶片光合速率及气孔的开度,进而影响干物质的累积和运转,但不同时期水分亏缺的影响形式及程度有所不同;苗期水分亏缺会抑制番茄的正常生长发育,但水分过高会使植株徒长,不利于光合产物向产量的运移;开花坐果期水分亏缺不仅抑制了番茄的生长发育,而且降低了干物质的累积,并最终影响到产量的形成;成熟采摘期水分亏缺会加速番茄植株的老化,降低最终干物质量,对番茄产量的形成影响最为明显。在不影响番茄植株正常生长发育及生理需水情况下,适度水分亏缺(T1处理)可实现高产与高效用水的统一。