不同农垦地下垫面对风蚀起沙风速的影响分析

以新疆塔里木盆地垦区为例,研究不同地表粗糙度下垫面对风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度和起沙风速的影响。根据Shao的方法计算不同下垫面起沙风速,结果表明:塔里木盆地垦区所选的小麦、棉花、红枣这3种地类2m高度临界摩擦速度(u*t)分别为棉花地0.40m/s,红枣地0.43m/s,小麦地1.85m/s;2m高度临界起沙风速(ut)分别为棉花地5.3m/s,红枣地5.7m/s,小麦地7.5m/s,小麦地较其他2种地类更具有抵抗风蚀的作用。     

Short‐term degradation of semiarid grasslands—results from a controlled‐grazing experiment in Northern China

The assessment of grassland degradation due to overgrazing is a global challenge in semiarid environments. In particular, investigations of beginning steppe degradation after a change or intensification of the land use are needed in order to detect and adjust detrimental land‐use management rapidly and thus prevent severe damages in these sensitive ecosystems. A controlled‐grazing experiment was established in Inner Mongolia (China) in 2005 that included ungrazed (UG) and heavily grazed plots with grazing intensities of 4.5 (HG4.5) and 7.5 (HG7.5) sheep per hectare. Several soil and vegetation parameters were investigated at all sites before the start of the experiment. Topsoil samples were analyzed for soil organic C (SOC), total N (N_tot), total S (S_tot), and bulk density (BD). As vegetation parameters, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), tiller density (TD), and leaf‐area index (LAI) were determined. After 3 y of the grazing experiment, BD increased and SOC, N_tot, S_tot, ANPP, and LAI significantly decreased with increasing grazing intensity. These sensitive parameters can be regarded as early‐warning indicators for degradation of semiarid grasslands. Vegetation parameters were, however, more sensitive not only to grazing but also to temporal variation of precipitation between 2006 and 2008. Contrary, soil parameters were primarily affected by grazing and resistant against climatic variations. The assessment of starting conditions in the study area and the application of defined grazing intensities is essential for the investigation of short‐term degradation in semiarid environments.     

碾后白米形变消除规律试验

为解决碾后白米抛光时碎米多的问题,该研究以碾后的白米为原料,研究温度、相对湿度以及含水率对白米形变消除时间的影响规律,采用二次旋转组合试验方法设计试验,比较了白米形变消除后抛光与碾后直接抛光的整精米率。用EXCEL软件和SAS软件处理数据,建立相关数学方程。结果表明：在试验参数范围内（温度5～45℃,含水率13%～17%,相对湿度25%～85%）,碾后白米的形变经过46～69?min可以消除;含水率、环境温度和相对湿度对形变消除时间影响显著;白米消除形变后抛光的整精米率明显高于直接抛光的整精米率。所建数学模型对碾后白米形变消除具有指导作用。     

水溶性有机质对南京城郊菜地土壤Pb吸附解吸行为的影响

通过批处理试验研究了不同来源的水溶性有机质（DOM）对南京城郊菜地土壤铅（Pb）吸附解吸行为的影响。研究结果表明,DOM抑制了土壤对Pb的吸附,随着DOM浓度的增加,土壤对Pb的吸附量减少,当DOM体积从0增加到21 mL时,土壤对Pb的吸附量分别减少5.34%（鸡粪）、24.12%（牛粪）和0.35%（有机肥）。不同来源的DOM也影响土壤对Pb的吸附程度。当添加低浓度的DOM（添加体积小于6 mL）时,土壤对Pb的吸附量顺序为鸡粪DOM〈牛粪DOM≈有机肥DOM;当添加高浓度的DOM（添加体积大于6 mL）时,土壤对Pb的吸附量顺序为牛粪DOM〈鸡粪DOM〈有机肥DOM。反之亦然,DOM促进了土壤Pb的解吸,解吸量随添加DOM浓度的增大而增加。不同来源的DOM对土壤Pb解吸程度的影响也有所差异。对于低污染土壤,Pb的解吸量顺序为鸡粪DOM〉牛粪DOM〉有机肥DOM;对于高污染土壤,Pb的解吸量顺序为鸡粪DOM〉有机肥DOM〉牛粪DOM。Pb吸附动力学曲线揭示,添加DOM延缓了土壤Pb吸附平衡到达的时间。本研究表明,DOM增加了土壤Pb的环境风险。     

Supplementation of laying-hen feed with palm tocos and algae astaxanthin for egg yolk nutrient enrichment

Adding supplements to hen feed can increase egg nutritional value. Astaxanthin, tocotrienols, and tocopherols are potent antioxidants that provide health benefits to humans. We hypothesized that the addition of these nutrients to hen feed would result in an increased nutrient content in egg yolk with minimum changes in functional properties. Laying hens (Hy-Line W-36 breed) were fed four diets with different supplementation levels of palm toco concentrate and algae biomass containing astaxanthin for 8 weeks. Egg yolks were analyzed for physical, chemical, and functional properties. The feed with the highest nutrient concentration was also studied for stability of these antioxidants using the Arrhenius approach. No significant differences were observed in functional properties except for emulsification capacity and sensory characteristics among eggs from different diet treatments. Changes in egg yolk color reached the maximum values at day 8. Incorporation of tocopherols and tocotrienols increased until day 8, astaxanthin incorporation increased until day 10, and all decreased thereafter. Feed nutrients resulted in a dose-response relationship of these compounds in the egg yolk. The transfer efficiency ranged from 0 to 9.9% for tocotrienols and tocopherols and from 7.6 to 14.9% for astaxanthin at their peak values. Results of the Arrhenius accelerated stability study showed significant differences in the shelf life of various nutrients, and these results can be used to properly formulate and store the feed materials.     

红壤区桉树人工林与不同林分土壤微生物活性及细菌多样性的比较

以广西红壤区桉树人工林、马尾松人工林和天然阔叶林为对象,采用PCR-DGGE以及稀释平板法等现代和传统分析技术,比较分析了不同林分土壤生物学性状以及细菌群落结构的特征。结果表明:桉树对林地土壤可培养微生物数量的影响效果虽逊于天然阔叶林树种,但与广西乡土树种马尾松之间并无显著差异。此外,桉树人工林土壤中涉及碳、氮、磷循环的土壤酶活性低于天然阔叶林和马尾松人工林,同样表征土壤肥力的微生物生物量碳、氮指标也逊于天然阔叶林,但微生物生物量碳和氮在两种人工林之间无规律性的差异。同时,桉树人工林土壤细菌多样性指数(H)、丰富度(S)以及均匀度(EH)指数均逊于天然阔叶林,但与广西乡土树种马尾松之间的差异并不显著。桉树对林地土壤肥力及生态环境的影响效果虽不及天然阔叶林树种,但与广西乡土树种马尾松林的生态效应相仿。     

神府煤田土壤颗粒分形及降雨对径流产沙的影响

神府煤田在开发建设过程中造成的扰动地面、弃土体、弃渣体产生了严重的人为水土流失。采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,研究了土壤分形维数及降雨强度对未扰动地面、扰动地面、弃土体及弃渣体径流产沙的影响。结果表明,(1)弃土体、弃渣体随产流历时呈现突增—下降—稳定的过程,扰动地面和未扰动地面则经历上升—稳定的产流过程,各下垫面径流率均随着雨强的增大而增大。(2)各下垫面土壤颗粒分形维数的大小为D1(弃渣体)D2(弃土体)D3(扰动地面)D4(未扰动地面),次降雨径流量与降雨强度、分形维数分别呈显著的线性、幂函数关系,且D1~D2及D3~D4之间存在用以区分下垫面类型的临界分形维数值。(3)弃渣体侵蚀过程线呈先波动后稳定趋势,弃土体则呈多峰多谷特点,扰动地面和未扰动地面在1.0~2.5 mm min-1雨强下侵蚀速率均先增大后逐渐稳定,3.0 mm min-1时二者侵蚀速率则波动剧烈。四种下垫面平均侵蚀速率均随着雨强的增大而增大。(4)次降雨产沙量与降雨强度、分形维数均呈显著的幂函数关系。(5)径流量、产沙量与雨强和分形维数分别呈显著的线性、指数函数关系。分形维数对矿区土壤侵蚀模型的建立有重要的科学意义。     

甜高粱茎秆汁液锤度与可发酵糖含量的关系

甜高粱茎秆富含糖分,是生产燃料乙醇的良好原料。在甜高粱育种或生产中,常用锤度估算汁液含糖量,但锤度与可发酵糖的关系还不是很清楚。本文采用81个甜高粱材料,种植于北京、天津(盐碱地)、河北3个地点,研究了茎秆汁液锤度与可发酵总糖和蔗糖含量的关系。结果表明,北京、河北、天津三个地点甜高粱茎秆汁液总糖/锤度(糖锤比)总平均值分别为0.76、0.74和0.72,其中天津的甜高粱茎秆汁液糖锤比显著低于北京。北京、河北、天津三个地点甜高粱茎秆汁液锤度与总糖、蔗糖含量的相关性均达极显著水平,相关系数分别为0.8911,0.8376和0.9186,其中天津点显著低于河北。适合北京和河北非盐碱地种植的甜高粱茎秆汁液的锤度、可发酵总糖含量的整合回归方程为Y=0.8969X-1.7576(R2=0.8237);天津盐碱地糖锤比低于北京,相关系数显著低于河北,故其回归方程Y=0.9343X-3.1726(R2=0.7015)只可供其它盐碱地区参考。锤度和糖锤比的相关系数显著低于总糖含量和糖锤比的相关系数,说明含糖量高,锤度也高,但锤度高,含糖量不一定高。该结果对于甜高粱育种和加工工艺设计具有重要参考价值。     

模拟径流条件下工程堆积体陡坡土壤侵蚀过程

工程建设过程中形成的堆积体具有独特的土壤组成及复杂的下垫面条件,堆积体表面土壤结构体缺失、土质松散、植物根系及有机质缺乏等,导致其土壤抗冲性极差,径流条件下堆积体陡坡坡面的土壤侵蚀过程亦表现出不同的特点,该文通过野外放水试验,对高速公路沿线典型堆积体陡坡（36°）在模拟径流冲刷条件下的土壤侵蚀过程进行了研究,结果表明,次径流过程中径流强度变化与放水强度及径流含沙量密切相关,三者之间呈多元线性相关;重力侵蚀对径流含沙量的变化具有重要影响,试验条件下重力作用的临界放水条件在20～25 L/min之间;坡面产沙过程存在产沙量的突变、波动变化和稳定发展3个阶段;不同坡段产沙量的空间分布存在持续稳定减小和震荡式波动衰减2种变化形式;土壤剥蚀率与单宽流量呈线性关系,与时段产沙量及流宽呈幂函数关系;最后,时段产沙量与时段径流量呈幂函数关系,累积产沙量与累积径流量呈线性关系。     

基于野外大田试验的接菌紫穗槐生态修复效应研究

[目的]研究接菌紫穗槐对矿区退化植被的恢复生态效应,以期为丛枝菌根真菌应用于西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态重建提供理论基础和野外试验基础数据。[方法]以紫穗槐为宿主植物,在野外大田条件下研究接种丛枝菌根真菌和紫穗槐的共生状况,以及对煤矿开采沉陷区植物根际土壤的改良作用。[结果]4a的连续监测结果表明,接菌促进了紫穗槐的生长,接菌紫穗槐成活率比对照高30%以上;接菌紫穗槐菌根侵染率和菌丝密度显著高于对照;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷含量且降低了pH值,取得较好的生态修复效应。[结论]在野外大田条件下,接种菌根真菌能够促进植物—菌根共生关系的形成,改善植物—菌根共生体的营养环境。