寄生蜂的滞育研究进展

寄生蜂在农林害虫生物防治中至为重要,调控其发育对提高产品贮存期、延长控害时间、适时防治等具有积极意义。本文列举并分析了127种寄生蜂的滞育特点,总结了近年来的相关研究进展,归纳出:(1)温度与光周期是影响滞育状态的关键因子,寄主及营养状态会影响滞育;(2)滞育敏感虫态多为滞育虫态的前一个发育时段;(3)部分种类存在母代效应,其子代抗逆性与适应力更强;(4)通过滞育延长寄生蜂产品的货架期是可行的,滞育贮存期最长可达16个月;(5)滞育后生物学研究表明,滞育解除后当代及子代的生防性能提升,但也付出种群死亡率增高的代价。在此基础上对寄生蜂滞育研究进行了展望。     

苯醚甲环唑10％水分散粒剂的研制

以苯醚甲环唑原药,黏结剂HAB-1、崩解剂Sellogen-1、润湿剂高渗888B型,填料为高岭土、膨润土,对苯醚甲环唑10%水分散粒剂的配方进行了研究,并确定了最佳配方.试验结果表明,该产品具有良好的物理和化学稳定性.     

内生菌醇提取物对水稻抗稻瘟病的诱导作用

本文研究内生菌醇提取物WS对水稻稻瘟病的诱导抗性,在水稻3叶1心期喷施3种浓度WS,通过诱导抗病效果筛选WS最佳使用浓度,同时研究最佳浓度对水稻相关抗病防御酶活性的影响.结果表明,浓度50 ng/mL WS喷雾处理时诱导抗病效果最佳,病情指数降低12.89,诱导效果达到55.5％.能够显著提高PAL、PPO、几丁质酶活性,PAL活性高于CK处理30.28％,PPO、几丁质酶活性分别是CK处理的1.18、1.70倍.     

水稻秧池一代二化螟卵量与秧苗叶龄关系及其应用

以水稻秧池秧苗叶龄与当时田间一代二化螟累计卵量占全代卵量的百分率为相关因子,建立直线回归预测式,其相关达极显著水平。由此预测一代二化螟发生趋势,方法简便,准确性高,并揭示出秧池一代二化螟累计卵量与秧苗叶龄关系的规律,从而提出了防治工作“两查两定”的新方法。     

旋流泵菜籽-水两相流浓度特性实验与流场数值模拟

为探索旋流泵固液两相流内部流场及变浓度输送特性,分析了旋流泵固液两相流动基本原理及其特点。在32WB8-12型样机上完成输送清水及菜籽体积分数CV分别为6%、10%的外特性实验,得出泵流量-扬程、流量-轴功率、流量-效率和流量-临界汽蚀余量性能曲线。采用Mixture多相流模型及RNG k-ε湍流模型,对旋流泵在清水最优工况流量qv=9. 31 m~3/h下输送菜籽固液两相流流场进行了数值模拟,求解采用SIMPLE算法,得到3个轴面静压、速度矢量和固粒体积分数分布图。通过对比分析,数值模拟准确性得到了验证。综合分析了泵外特性变化与内部流场之间的定性因果关系,并提出了两相流泵优化设计改进措施。     

基于空间分析的宁夏沙土春玉米滴灌水氮管理模式研究

基于滴灌水肥一体化条件下研究水氮组合对宁夏沙土地区春玉米地上部干物质量、产量、氮素累积量和水氮利用效率的影响,并运用多元回归分析方法,寻求高产高效的水氮配施制度。设计灌水和施氮2因素、3个灌水量水平（W0.6：0.6KcET0、W0.8：0.8KcET0和W10：10KcET0,其中Kc为作物系数,ET0为潜在作物蒸发蒸腾量）和4个施氮量水平（N150：150kg/hm2;N225：225kg/hm2;N300：300kg/hm2;N375：375kg/hm2）进行大田试验。结果表明：Logistic函数对春玉米地上部干物质累积量具有较高的拟合度,W1.0灌水处理延后了地上部干物质快速积累期的起点;灌水量和施氮量对产量、植株氮素累积量、水分利用效率（WUE）均有显著或极显著影响,灌水量对氮肥偏生产力（PFPN）有极显著影响,水氮耦合作用对氮收获指数有显著性影响;相同灌水条件下,地上部干物质累积量、产量、植株氮素累积量（W0.8处理除外）和WUE随施氮量的增加先增加、后减小。考虑试验区年降雨量分配不均,基于产量、WUE、PFPN和籽粒氮素累积量,对水氮管理方案进行优化,多元回归分析结果表明,当灌水量与有效降雨量之和为506～576.mm、施氮量为230～335kg/hm2时,产量、WUE和籽粒氮素累积量均能同时达到最大值的95%以上,优化区间所得的PFPN约为最大值的80%,为适宜的水氮滴灌管理区间。研究成果可为当地沙土地区春玉米滴灌施肥过程中水氮科学管理提供指导依据。     

EGCG对β-胡萝卜素乳液物理稳定性的影响

以β-胡萝卜素为芯材,利用α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)为乳化剂制备了不同p H值的乳液,并利用表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)作为抗氧化剂添加到乳液中,测定了乳液的粒径、电位、包埋率、快速稳定性、界面蛋白含量,考察了p H值和EGCG添加量对β-胡萝卜素乳液物理稳定性的影响,并对稳定性机理进行了研究。结果表明:EGCG添加量对p H值2. 0和p H值7. 0的乳液粒径、电位和包埋率没有显著影响(p 0. 05),但对不同p H值乳液的快速稳定性影响显著(p 0. 05)。在p H值2. 0的乳液中,当EGCG添加量大于0. 2%时,随着EGCG添加量的增加,乳液稳定性下降;在p H值7. 0的乳液中,当EGCG添加量小于0. 02%时,乳液的稳定性比未添加EGCG的乳液稳定性高;当EGCG添加量在0. 02%～0. 10%时,随着EGCG添加量的增大,乳液稳定性降低。当EGCG添加量大于0. 10%时,EGCG的添加使β-胡萝卜素乳液快速分层,不能得到稳定乳液,原因是EGCG可以与α-LA相互作用使α-LA沉淀,致使没有足够的α-LA作为乳化剂稳定乳液。     

航天诱变高产酸副干酪乳杆菌A-4-2性质与酶活性研究

以航天诱变副干酪乳杆菌A-4-2为研究对象,采用扫描电镜、低pH值、荧光定量PCR(聚合酶链式反应)等方法对诱变菌株进行了形态学、耐受性、产胞外多糖含量及β-半乳糖苷酶基因表达量等研究。比较了突变菌株和出发菌株的耐酸、耐胆盐、产胞外多糖、表面疏水性等性能变化和差异以及β-半乳糖苷酶基因表达量的变化。结果表明,突变菌株形态学观察结果与野生菌株无明显差异;在pH值3. 5培养1 h与2 h,突变菌株较野生菌株的存活率显著升高(P 0. 05);发酵7 d后菌株耐酸能力评价结果显示,不同pH值条件下,突变菌株的活菌数均显著高于野生菌株(P 0. 05),且耐胆盐及产胞外多糖的能力均未受到影响,但菌株表面疏水性显著降低;突变菌株β-半乳糖苷酶活性和基因表达量,均显著高于出发菌株(P 0. 05)。同时,证明了β-半乳糖苷酶活性与菌株产酸有密不可分的关系。     

Influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand in the Qarhan Desert,Qaidam Basin of China: A wind tunnel experiment

Determination of the threshold shear velocity is essential for predicting sand transport, dust release and desertification. In this study, a wind tunnel experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand. Saline sand samples (mean particle size of 164.50-186.08 μm and the total silt, clay and salt content of 0.80%-8.25%) were collected from three saline sand dunes (one barchan dune and two linear dunes) in the Qarhan Desert, Qaidam Basin of China. Original saline sand samples were placed in two experimental trays for wet and dry processing to simulate deliquescence and desiccation, respectively. Surface moisture content ranging from 0.30% to 1.90% was generated by the steam method so that the saline sand can absorb water in a saturated water vapor environment. The motion of sand particles was determined by the observers with a solid laser. The laser sheet (0.80 cm thick), which was emitted by the solid laser, horizontally covered the sand surface and was bound to the sand. Results show that the cohesion of saline sand results from a combination of salt and water. The threshold shear velocity increases exponentially with the increase in crust thickness for the linear sand dunes. There is a positive linear correlation between the original moisture content and relative threshold shear velocity. The threshold shear velocity of dewatered sand is greater than that of wet sand with the same original moisture content. Our results will provide valuable information about the sand transport of highly saline soil in the desert.     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.