玉米抗粗缩病遗传及分子标记研究

Maize rough dwarf disease caused by Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is transmitted by planthopper in China. Identification and development of resistant hybrids are complicated because of the inconsistencies in viral disease pressure every year. Marker-assisted selection can provide means for main-taining virus resistance alleles even in the absence of disease. In this paper a F₂ segregation population was constructed to identity the molecular markers linked to the resistance gene using a cross between a resistant and a susceptible parents (Qi319×Ye107). Fifteen-day-old seedlings of F₂ population were exposed to small brown planthoppers carrying RBSDV for 3 days in specific inoculation chamber. The inoculated plants were transplanted to screenhouse after removing the insects completely. In plant maturity stage the disease resistance of all the individuals were visually assessed. The results showed that 17, 8, 11, 51 and 122 plants were scaled from 0-4 respectively, in which 0 means no symptoms and 4 represents highly susceptible. Chi-square test demonstrated that the segregation ratio of phenotype was 1∶15 (resistant: susceptible) or 1∶6∶9 (resistant∶moderate∶susceptible) in the F₂ population, indicating RBSDV resistance of maize was controlled by two recessive genes. The F₂ individuals DNA were extracted and 261 SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers derived from maize genome ten chromosomes were selected from maize GDB database to construct genetic linkage map. The linkage map consisted of 71 polymorphic SSR markers, spanning a genetic distance of 996.6 cM with an average interval of 14.0 cM between adjacent markers. The resistant and susceptible gene pools were set up for BSA (bulked segregant analysis) and 6 polymorphism markers were obtained with BSA-SSR method between the two pools. The F₂individuals were further analyzed with 6 polymorphism markers. Chi-square test showed that phi 051, umc1407 and umc1432, mapped on chromosome 7 and 10, exhibited segregation distortion significantly and very significantly in susceptible individuals. These three SSR markers were identified as potential markers linked to the resistant loci.     

单管实时荧光RT PCR方法同时检测大豆种子中的菜豆荚斑驳病毒和烟草环斑病毒

 本研究建立了大豆种子中菜豆荚斑驳病毒（BPMV）和烟草环斑病毒（TRSV）单管双重实时荧光PCR检测方法。将含有相同浓度的分别带有BPMV和TRSV CP基因的质粒溶液作为阳性对照,以受两种病毒侵染的大豆种子作为待测样品进行实时荧光PCR检测,结果表明能从同一管中同时检测出这两种病毒而不发生交叉反应。尽管在阳性对照中,二者的检测限相当,均可达到35 pg/mL,但在实际应用中,两种病毒由于在大豆种子中的浓度不一致而存在一定的差别。该方法快速、灵敏、简便,同时特异性更强,在出入境检验检疫中具有广泛的应用前景。     

警惕番茄褐色皱纹果病毒在我国的传播和危害

番茄褐色皱纹果病毒(tomato brown rugose fruit virus,ToBRFV)是烟草花叶病毒属的一个新种,在自然界中主要危害番茄、辣椒等茄科作物。自2014年首次在以色列发现以来,ToBRFV迅速蔓延至全球4个洲的35个国家,严重影响番茄和辣椒的产量和品质。本文综述了ToBRFV的发现与分布、基因组结构、传播方式、寄主范围和检测方法,并提出了相应的防控建议,以防范ToBRFV在我国的进一步传播和危害。     

东北春玉米不同发育期干旱胁迫对根系生长的影响

分别在玉米拔节期(BJ)和抽雄期(CX)进行水分胁迫试验,利用微根管技术观测不同发育期干旱过程中根分布动态,并利用根分布模型模拟相关参数(d_(50)和d_(95):累积根比例分别为50%和95%的土层深度),对不同干旱胁迫处理的土壤湿度、根系分布及相关参数时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明:水分控制后的土壤湿度在130cm以上基本达到预期干旱效果,即BJ和CX处理在控水时段0~100 cm土层土壤相对湿度都降至40%以下,但深层土壤湿度并未受到水分控制影响;拔节和抽雄期干旱胁迫条件下,根长密度(RLD)最大值分别为2.18±0.89cm·cm~(-3)和2.10±0.47 cm·cm~(-3),所在土壤深度为60 cm,对照(CK)RLD最大值为1.24±0.77 cm·cm~(-3),所在深度为40 cm,CK和BJ处理的RLD在最大值深度以下随土层深度增加而减小,CX处理的RLD在80 cm以下仍保持较大值;BJ和CX比CK的d50分别增大45%和59%,d95分别增大8%和41%,证明玉米根系因干旱胁迫而向深层土壤生长。     

探讨饲料企业组织结构的弊病及优化途径

如今饲料行业已经处于调整期——生产能力相对饱和,市场供求趋于稳定,竞争对抗性加剧,产业升级压力增大。这种压力主要来自三大块：其一,上游的粮食价格上涨,导致饲料原料成本不断加大;其二,下游养殖业因结构调整对饲料需求减缓;其三,饲料行业地域性强,进入壁垒低和集中度低,由此引发了不少经营矛盾,如规模优势无法发挥,产品同质化严重,企业恶性竞争等。     

我国生物农药登记品种清单式管理初探

近年来我国生物农药新品种层出不穷,登记热度持续上升,登记管理不断规范。本文探讨了对我国生物农药登记品种采取清单式管理,提出生物农药登记品种清单的范围和建立原则,梳理形成了我国生物农药登记品种清单,提出了完善生物农药登记品种清单式管理的意见建议。     

中国河南省小麦纹枯病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性

为明确河南省小麦纹枯病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了咯菌腈对2013年从河南省15个地市分离的98株病菌的毒力。结果表明:咯菌腈对供试小麦纹枯病菌菌株的EC50值在0.009~0.079 μg/mL之间,平均EC50值为(0.025 ±0.012)μg/mL;98个菌株对咯菌腈的敏感性分布呈连续单峰曲线,未出现敏感性下降的亚群体,可将(0.025 ±0.012)μg/mL作为小麦纹枯病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性基线;方差分析(LSD法)及SPSS聚类结果均显示,同一地市内的菌株对咯菌腈的敏感性差异较大,EC50最大值和最小值之比在1.0~4.1之间,而不同地区菌株间对咯菌腈敏感性差异不明显,咯菌腈EC50平均值变化范围在0.015~0.060 μg/mL之间,后者是前者的4倍;小麦纹枯病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性与其对噻呋酰胺、苯醚甲环唑、井冈霉素、丙环唑及戊唑醇的敏感性之间无明显相关性。本研究结果可为河南省小麦纹枯病防控杀菌剂的合理使用提供理论依据。     

苦荞遗传多样性分析与核心种质筛选

利用SSR分子标记技术,对来自西藏、陕西、四川、贵州等4省区的210份苦荞品种进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明,所选用的50对SSR引物中,有16对引物多态性良好,共扩增出178个条带,其中多态性条带达118个,占总数的66.3%;210份苦荞种质的遗传变幅为0.62~0.98,平均值为0.80,在遗传相似系数为0.88处可划分为5大类。聚类结果显示,来自同一地区的苦荞品种显示出聚为一类的趋势,表明苦荞的遗传信息受地理分布的影响较大;第V类所聚的41份分别来自西藏(27份)、陕西(8份)和贵州(6份)的品种表现出较为丰富的遗传多样性,与其他种质相比,这41份材料不仅遗传差异较大,而且遗传来源广泛,可作为苦荞核心种质筛选的基础。     

通过染色体整合β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因glu14提高绿色木霉对小麦纹枯病的防治效果

 绿色木霉LTR-2是生物防治菌株。利用来自巨大芽胞杆菌Ap25的β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因glu14构建木霉表达载体pSilent/glu14,利用限制性内切酶介导法(REMI)转化绿色木霉LTR-2。PCR扩增及Southern杂交证实目的基因已插入木霉转化子的染色体DNA上。转化子的β-1,4-葡聚糖酶水解活性,对小麦纹枯病菌的平板抑制作用及温室防治效果较原始菌株LTR-2明显提高(P<0.01),其中转化子L-10的效果最好,平板抑制率比LTR-2提高了27.0%,温室防治效果比LTR-2提高了26.7%。本试验表明,利用REMI技术,将β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因重组到木霉染色体DNA上,是获得高效木霉工程菌株的有效手段。     

文心兰茎尖诱导原球茎的影响因子研究

以文心兰无菌幼苗茎尖为试材,研究了基本培养基、植物生长调节剂、碳源、培养基pH值及茎尖放置方式对原球茎诱导的影响。结果表明:1/2MS为原球茎诱导的适宜培养基,0.1 mg/L TDZ最适合原球茎诱导且无不定芽分化、诱导率达80%,30 g/L蔗糖是原球茎诱导的适宜碳源,培养基pH值为5.2时原球茎诱导效果最佳,茎尖竖直放置比水平放置更有利于原球茎诱导。