苎麻茎秆台架切割试验与分析

为了给苎麻收割机的研制提供切割理论基础,该文进行了苎麻茎秆切割参数的试验研究。该文利用自行设计的试验台架进行苎麻茎秆的切割试验,研究往复式单动刀及双动刀切割器不同刀片几何参数(刀片长度、刀刃类型)、不同切割线速度和不同茎秆喂入速度对切割性能(切割功耗、切割质量和综合评分值)的影响。根据各个因素特点,论文采用多因素正交试验的方法确立两水平因素(刀刃类型、刀片长度和动刀组数)的最优水平组合,然后固定两水平因素的最优水平组合,以切割线速度和茎秆喂入速度为试验因素进行二次回归正交旋转设计试验来获得因素的最佳参数。根据多因素正交试验结果,采用往复式双动刀切割器,选用锯齿刃长刀片(120 mm)为最优水平组合。根据二次回归正交旋转设计试验结果,当切割线速度为0.878 9 m/s、茎秆喂入速度为0.862 4 m/s时,单位长度割幅切割功率最小,为281.408 4 W;当切割线速度为1.161 4 m/s、茎秆喂入速度为0.711 7 m/s时,单位面积切割失败株数最少,为5.691 1株;当切割线速度为1.092 0 m/s、茎秆喂入速度为0.722 9 m/s时,评分值最高,为86.7180分。综合试验结果,苎麻切割试验理论最佳水平组合为:切割线速度1.092 0 m/s、茎秆喂入速度0.722 9 m/s,采用往复式双动刀切割器,选用锯齿刃长刀片(120 mm),此时单位长度割幅切割功率为318.814 5 W,单位面积切割失败株数为6.006 4株。研究结果为后续苎麻收割机切割部件的研制以及切割行走速比的选择提供了基础理论数据。     

Responses of phytohormones and gas exchange to mycorrhizal colonization in trifoliate orange subjected to drought stress

Phytohormones have an essential ability to adapt to abiotic stresses, including drought stress (DS), by mediating physiological and molecular processes. Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) can enhance tolerance of DS, but the information regarding phytohormone changes in AM plants exposed to DS is little known. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings colonized by an AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae were subjected to DS and well-watered for 6 weeks. Plant growth performance, gas exchange, indole-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GAs), brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) were determined. The 6-week DS treatment strongly restricted root mycorrhizal colonization. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant growth parameters under DS, as compared with non-mycorrhizal treatment. Mycorrhizal treatment also induced significantly higher leaf-relative water content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance but lower intercellular CO₂ concentration and leaf temperature under DS, compared with non-mycorrhizal treatment. Mycorrhizal plants under DS condition represented significantly higher leaf ABA, IAA, GAs, BRs and ZR levels than non-mycorrhizal plants. The study, hence, suggested that mycorrhizal inoculation induced the changes of gas exchange and endogenous phytohormone levels to enhance drought tolerance in trifoliate orange.     

Quantifying soil macropore networks in different forest communities using industrial computed tomography in a mountainous area of North China

Purpose

Macropores have important effects on the movement of soil water, air, and chemical substances. However, the quantitative relationship between complex 3D soil macropore networks and forest communities remains unclear in the northern mountainous area in China. The objectives of this study were to (1) use industrial computed tomography (CT) scanning and image analysis to quantitatively analyze macropore networks in intact soil columns and (2) identify characteristics of soil macropore networks in different forest communities.

Materials and methods

Intact soil columns (100-mm diameter, 300 mm long) were taken from six local forest communities with three replicates for a total of 18 samples. Industrial X-ray CT was used to scan soil samples; then, the scanned images were used to obtain the 3D images of rock fragments and macropore structures. Next, the macropore structure was quantified, including volume, diameter, surface area, length, angle, tortuosity, and number of macropores. This technique provided an accurate method to quantify the structure of macropores.

Results and discussion

The analysis and results revealed that different forest communities influence soil macropore 3D structure significantly and in different ways. Macropores in mixed Pinus tabulaeformis, Castanea mollissima, and Ulmus pumila forest had the largest diameter, surface area, network density, and length density of macropores as well as the smallest mean tortuosity of soil macropores. This is caused by the fact that mixed forest soils had more complex root systems, better soil structure, and more biotic activity. Within the soils of a single forest community, macropore porosity, network density, surface area density, and length of macropores decreased with increased soil depth, because more roots and more biological activity were present in the surface soil.

Conclusions

Advanced industrial CT technology can allow an accurate quantification of soil macropore structure. This is important because this type of structure has significant effects on soil water, air, and chemical transport. The results suggest that mixed forest is the best afforestation model in the northern mountainous area in China because of its ability to improve soil structure.

     

Patterns and drivers of fungal diversity along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Gongga,China

Purpose

Fungi are essential components of soil microbial communities and have a crucial role in biogeochemical processes. Alpine regions are sensitive to climate change, and the importance of changes in fungal community composition along altitudinal gradients in alpine regions is hotly debated.

Materials and methods

We used 454 pyrosequencing approaches to investigate the fungal communities at 1600, 2300, 2800, 3000, and 3900 m above sea level along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Gongga.

Results and discussion

The results showed that Agaricomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Tremellomycetes are the dominant classes at all sampling sites. Operational taxonomic unit richness decreased with increasing altitude, and the fungal communities were clustered into three groups that corresponded to altitudes of, i.e., 1600, 2300, and above 2800 m. The evenness of fungi was not significantly correlated with altitude, whereas beta diversities were significantly correlated with altitude. The distance-based redundancy analysis and Mantel test indicated that the composition of fungal assemblages was mostly driven by altitude and temperature.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that ecological processes possibly related to altitude and temperature play an important role in structuring fungal biodiversity along the elevational gradient. Our results highlight that different microbes may respond differently to environmental gradients.

     

基于不同数理统计方法的河南省ET0气候影响因素分析

确定影响ET_0年际变化的主要气象因子是准确估算未来作物需水的基础,对于农业生产科学应对气候变化具有重要意义。以河南省17个站点为例,分别采用国内外常用的5种数理统计方法评价7个气象要素对参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET_0)年际变化的影响程度,结果发现:日照和风速是影响河南省地区参考作物蒸散量的主要因子,黄河以北地区主要为风速,黄河以南地区以日照为主,信阳、西峡两地高温作用不容忽视。5种方法评判结果差异较大,采用灰色关联分析法,利用不同的数据变换方式,其结果大相径庭,认为其不适宜用于评价影响ET_0变化主要因子的判定;结合各站气象要素年际变化趋势分析认为,逐步回归分析法得出的结论与各站点气象要素及ET_0实际变化趋势存在多处悖理,不适宜用于评价影响ET_0变化主要因子的判定;相关分析、偏相关分析、主导分析方法结果较为统一,差异较小,认为采用3种方法综合判定某地区影响ET_0的主要因子,其结果较为可信。其中,采用主导分析法对各气象因子的影响排序与各因子对ET_0的影响趋势以及ET_0实际变化趋势较为一致,建议用于评价影响ET_0变化的气象因子排序,但因其无法得到各因子与ET_0的相关关系,需借助相关分析与偏相关分析才能得到详实可信的结果。     

栽插和秸秆还田方式对水稻氮素吸收利用和产量的影响

【目的】秸秆还田方式影响土壤和肥料中养分的有效性,本研究通过比较不同还田方式下水稻产量、氮素吸收利用的差异,为水稻人工插秧和毯苗机插技术选择适宜的秸秆还田方式提供依据。【方法】本试验于2016-2018年在成都温江四川农业大学水稻研究所试验田进行,以籼型三系杂交稻F优498为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆不还田(S0)、覆盖还田(S1)和翻埋还田(S2) 3种还田方式,副区为人工插秧(HT)和毯苗机插(MT) 2种栽插方式,氮肥用量为N 135 kg/hm^2,按基肥∶蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=3∶3∶2∶2的比例施用。磷肥(过磷酸钙)用量为P2O5 90 kg/hm^2,作基肥一次施入;钾肥(氯化钾)用量为K2O 150 kg/hm^2,施用比例为基肥∶穗肥=7∶3。分别于分蘖盛期、拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期采集茎鞘、叶和穗样品测定干物重和氮含量,计算不同时期氮素积累、转运及氮素利用效率。【结果】秸秆还田方式对人工和机械插秧水稻产量、植株氮素积累及氮素利用具有显著影响。1)与S0相比,S1、S2处理提高了水稻产量,抑制了水稻分蘖盛期氮素积累,促进了拔节期至成熟期各器官及植株氮素积累,提高了植株氮含量,S1效果优于S2,且S1提高了氮素茎鞘转运量(44.1%)、茎鞘转运率(10.2%)、叶片转运量(23.5%)和穗氮增加幅度(21.2%),S2仅提高了氮素茎鞘转运量(24.7%)、茎鞘转运率(6.5%)和穗氮增加幅度(16.7%)。氮肥农学效率和氮素回收率表现为S1> S2,但S1、S2氮素的稻谷生产效率均有所降低。2)分蘖盛期至拔节期,HT处理的水稻各器官氮素积累、各时期植株氮素积累、氮素转运和产量均大于MT处理的,氮素回收率则显著低于MT处理的。秸秆还田方式对不同栽插方式氮素积累和转运的影响程度不一,分蘖盛期HT处理的氮素积累以S2处理最小,MT处理则以S1最小。两种栽插方式下拔节期至成熟期氮素积累和转运量、氮肥农学利用率及吸收利用率均以S1处理最大。【结论】从提高水稻产量和氮素利用率来看,人工插秧和毯苗机插均适宜采用小麦秸秆覆盖还田模式,并以覆盖还田结合人工插秧方式为最佳。     

柴达木盆地沙丘移动的空间分异及对形态参数的响应

研究沙丘移动规律与空间分异特征有助于准确了解风沙活动的危害程度,为区域城镇规划和青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设提供参考.该研究基于Google Earth软件测量横向沙丘的形态参数与移动速度,分析了移动速度与方向的空间分异特征,以及移动速度对形态参数的响应.结果表明,1)柴达木盆地内沙丘移动速度介于0～23.53 ...     

咸水畦灌农田土壤水热盐动态及油葵生长的试验与模拟

为探究中国西北旱区咸水畦灌条件下农田土壤水热盐动态及其对作物生长的影响,采用大田试验和WASH-C模型(Layered Soil Water-Solute-Heat Transport and Crop Growth Model,土壤水热盐迁移和作物生长耦合的模拟模型)模拟相结合的方法,分析油葵全生育期内不同灌水量和矿...     

基于网络RTK的离心式无人机变量施药可行性初探

针对植保无人机施药准确性和作业效率需求的提高,验证网络实时动态(Real-Time Kinematic,RTK)载波差分技术在无人机施药上的可行性,设计了一种基于网络RTK的离心式变量施药系统.采用STM32F103为控制核心,通过串口获取GPS定位信息,并连接DTU模块实现网络RTK技术,通过脉冲宽度调制(Pulse...     

TCD燃烧系统对柴油机燃烧和排放性能改善效果的试验研究

为探究道依茨TCD2015柴油机上配备的导流燃烧系统(简称TCD燃烧系统,T表示涡轮增压器,Turbocharger,C表示进气中冷,Charge air cooling,D为柴油颗粒捕集器,Diesel particle filter)对改善柴油机燃烧性能和降低污染物排放的效果,采用单缸机试验对TCD燃烧系统在不同转...