犏牛人工授精关键技术研究与推广应用

犏牛人工授精技术的推广应用对加快牦牛品种改良起着较强的关键性和作用性。本文从母牛体况、饲养管理、技术人员技术熟练度、人工授精操作等方面分析了犏牛人工授精技术中的关键影响因素,并提出相应的意见建议,以更好地推进本地犏牛人工授精进程,扩大改良牛的覆盖率,增加养殖户的经济收入。     

宁夏南部山区退耕还林后草畜产业发展探讨——以海原县为例

退耕还林政策对加强生态建设,优化农村产业结构,促进农村经济发展,推进西部大开发和全面建设小康社会具有重大的意义。文章在对宁夏南部山区退耕还林的情况实地调研的工作基础之上,通过对宁南山区、海原县草畜产业基础数据的比较分析和定量分析,建立草畜产业生产过程的灰色控制模型,找出草蓄产业发展的优势及存在的问题,提出海原县应加强政府管理、扶持龙头企业、延长产业链条、加大科技支撑等解决对策。     

Factors affecting the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum and its colonization on tobacco roots

Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting tobacco cultivation in southwest China. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal conditions of tobacco bacterial wilt, and green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) labelling was applied to monitor the location and survival dynamics of R. solanacearum (Rs::gfp) on tobacco roots and in soil under these optimal conditions. The results showed that the highest wilt incidence was 91.13%, which occurred when the population reached 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil, the temperature was 30.55 °C, and the humidity was >81.42%. The Rs::gfp densely colonized the root tips and root hairs, and cells of Rs::gfp were observed intermittently in the elongation zone or at the point of the emerging lateral roots. The Rs::gfp number in the rhizosphere soil was 10.75‐, 73.13‐ and 74.86‐times higher than that in the bulk soil at 10, 15 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively. Increased colonization by Rs::gfp was related to the population of the pathogen, the environmental temperature and the humidity in the soil. These three conditions determined whether R. solanacearum would induce tobacco wilt. This is the first study to investigate factors affecting the virulence of a tobacco wilt bacterial pathogen, which is important for conducting field diagnosis and biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt.     

根际微生物多样性与棉花品种对黄萎病抗性的关系研究 II.不同抗性品种根际真菌区系分析及其对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用

对棉花抗黄萎病品种（春矮早和８６－ ６）和感病品种（中棉１７和豫棉１２）的根际真菌区系进行了分析。结果表明每个品种都有自己独特的根际微生物区系,抗病品种根际微生物种数多于感病品种,区系组成更为复杂。抗病品种根际真菌优势种主要是漆斑菌 （Ｍｙｒｏｔｈｅｃｉｕｍ ）、粘帚霉（Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍ ）、曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ）和青霉（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ）等,感病品种则多为头孢霉（Ｃｅｐ ｈａｌｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ ）、镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ）、矛束孢（Ｄｏｒａｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ）、粘帚霉（Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍ ）和漆斑菌（Ｍｙｒｏｔｈｅｃｉｕｍ ）等。采用平板对峙培养法测定了不同抗性棉花品种根际真菌区系各成员对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用,发现抗病品种根际真菌区系中对黄萎病菌具有抑制作用的真菌种数和比率都高于感病品种,而且抗病品种根际真菌的优势种对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用较强。这种差异在苗期和现蕾期更为明显,花铃期则显著减小。研究结果表明棉花品种对棉花黄萎病的抗性与根际真菌区系组成及其对黄萎病菌的抑制能力有一定关系。     

苹果可溶性糖组分及其含量特性的研究

以132个苹果品种为试材,采用离子色谱法对其成熟果实的可溶性糖组分进行测定,并测定其可溶性固形物含量(TSS)、可溶性糖含量(SS),利用频次分析、相关性分析、回归分析等统计分析方法,明确苹果果实可溶性糖组分含量水平及其分布和定量关系。结果表明,苹果中的可溶性糖以果糖为主,其次是蔗糖和葡萄糖,山梨醇含量最低,约4/5的品种蔗糖含量高于葡萄糖含量;含量离散度山梨醇葡萄糖蔗糖果糖;果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度值、TSS和SS均服从正态分布,去掉个别拖尾品种后葡萄糖含量和山梨醇含量也呈正态分布;果糖含量与甜度值之间、TSS与SS之间均存在极显著一元线性关系,相关系数达0.9450和0.8797;TSS、SS均存在关于其他指标的多元线性模型,且拟合精度和预测精度很高。     

我国苹果生产的植保托管需求分析与发展思考

植保环节是种植业产生环境污染和农产品质量安全风险的重要来源,水果是我国种植业的重要组成部分,果园植保高投入的特点使之成为制约种植业绿色发展的瓶颈。我国的水果生产以小农户为主,果园用药普遍存在不合理、不科学的问题,对其用药的管控难以有效实现。基于对主产区300余个苹果种植户的调查访问,首先回顾了我国苹果生产的发展历程和特点,分析了苹果生产中存在的问题,提出了小农户常规栽培管理是造成果园环境污染和水果质量安全隐患的主要原因的观点;其次从社会需要、农户需求、农户意愿3个层面分析了我国小农户苹果生产的植保托管需要,指出了构建果园植保托管体系的必要性;最后从我国水果产业绿色发展的视角,针对政府、服务者、农户3个行为主体提出了建议。     

河北省承德市接坝地区畜间包虫病感染风险因素研究

为寻找河北省承德市接坝地区牛羊群包虫病潜在风险因素,对承德市接坝地区23个乡镇的184个养殖户进行风险因素问卷调查,并分析调查结果。结果显示,牛羊养殖方式粗放、犬粪不进行无害化处理、犬密切接触羊牛群、驱虫后没有对犬进行拴养是包虫病感染的重要风险因素。通过Hosmer-Lemeshow检验,证明建立的Logistic回归模型拟合较好。结果表明,养殖户加强牛羊管理,对犬合理驱虫,限制散养犬接触牛羊群对于降低包虫病感染风险具有重要意义。     

不同家畜品种毛绒角蛋白组分与相对含量分析

为了解不同家畜品种毛绒角蛋白的组成与差异,选择细毛羊、绒山羊、粗毛羊、羊驼、骆驼和牦牛的毛绒,利用还原法提取毛绒角蛋白,电泳分析其角蛋白的组分和相对百分含量。结果显示:细毛羊、绒山羊和粗毛羊都检出7种角蛋白组分,不同品种细毛羊角蛋白组分含量比较一致,低硫蛋白与高硫蛋白比例最大为3. 22,最小为2. 31;不同品种绒山羊角蛋白组分的相对百分含量差异较大,低硫蛋白与高硫蛋白比例最大为4. 18,最小为1. 52;不同品种粗毛羊角蛋白组分的相对百分含量差异也较大,低硫蛋白与高硫蛋白比例最大为6. 46,最小为3. 44;安哥拉山羊和羊驼分别检出5种和3种角蛋白组分;牦牛、骆驼都检出4种角蛋白组分,但是角蛋白组分的分子量大小不同。结果表明:毛发角蛋白组分和相对含量具有品种特异性,可为衣物中纤维的来源鉴别提供依据。     

新疆某肉牛养殖场不同架子牛育肥模式的经济效益分析

本研究通过对新疆某肉牛养殖场架子牛育肥经济效益的调研分析,旨在为新疆肉牛养殖从业者选择架子牛育肥模式提供理论参考。购入高、低初始重的新疆褐牛与本地土牛杂交架子牛各24头,分为高成本高初始重组(HH组)、低成本高初始重组(LH组)、高成本低初始重组(HL组)、低成本低初始重组(LL组),每组12头牛,育肥周期为7-9个月,每月称重并记录结果,并对数据进行分析。单因素方差分析结果显示,LL组末重极显著低于其它3组(P<0.01),HH组末重显著高于LH组和HL组(P＜0.05);育肥期平均日增重LL组显著低于其它3组(P＜0.05),HH组、LH组和HL组虽然差异不显著(P>0.05),但是HH组和HL组日增重大于LH组。经济效益分析结果显示,成本利润率HL组>HH组>LL组>LH组。相关性分析结果显示,成本利润率与平均日增重呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与日饲喂成本呈现显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。本研究发现,在架子牛育肥过程中,高饲喂成本投入可以获得更高的经济效益,选择低初始重的架子牛进行短期高营养水平育肥,比选择高初始重的架子牛育肥经济效益更好。     

Occurrence of Honeysuckle Yellow Vein Virus (HYVV) containing a monopartite DNA-A genome in Korea

Two newly emerged begomoviruses were isolated from naturally infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants grown in greenhouses at Jeju Island and Dangjin in Korea and their genomes were characterized. These viruses-infected plants had very small leaves that curled upward, yellow margins and a leathery appearance, and a bushy and stunted appearance with short internodes. Nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis of their genomes showed that they have a DNA-A component of a monopartite begomovirus. Their genomes comprised 2763 and 2764 nucleotides with six open reading frames. The results of nt sequence similarity analysis of DNA-A genome between the two Korean isolates and isolates of Tobacco leaf curl Japan virus (TbLCJV), Honeysuckle yellow vein virus (HYVV), Honeysuckle yellow vein mosaic virus (HYVMV), and Eupatorium yellow vein virus in Japan (EpYVV) showed that they are likely similar to HYVV-[Masuda] (89.4–92.8% nt identity). Consequently, we tentatively propose the two isolates’ names as HYVV-Jeju and -DJ according to the ICTV geminivirus rules. Phylogenetic relationship analysis of 33 DNA-A genome sequences using PAUP* 4.0b10 and MrBayes revealed that HYVV-Jeju and -DJ belong to the Far East Asian begomovirus species complex. Within the Far East Asian begomovirus species complex, HYVV-Jeju and -DJ are distantly related to EpYVV, HYVMV, and TbLCJV groups. Based on the presence of a recombination fragment spanning the C3 ORF, a recombinant origin was suggested for both HYVV-Jeju and –DJ, with parents close to Japanese isolates HYVMV-[SP1:00] and Eupatorium yellow vein virus (EpYVV)-[Suya]. In addition, the presence of a further recombination fragment spanning the IR suggested the parents of HYVV-DJ were close to HYVV-Jeju and EpYVV-[Suya].