油稻轮作制中油菜过量施硼对水稻产量的影响

在江苏丘陵地区缺硼土壤上种植油菜已广泛施用硼肥,但施用方法不当或长期过量施硼会引起土壤硼富集.本研究表明硼过量会造成油稻轮作制中水稻发生硼中毒,而造成水稻减产.引起水稻减产的土壤水溶性硼含量盆栽试验为2.68mg/kg,大田试验为1.97mg/kg.水稻分蘖期叶片含硼量可作为硼中毒的诊断指标之一,本试验中水稻发生减产时的分蘖期叶片含硼量为49.5～61.3mg/kg.     

Oxidation-reduction regimes in some Oxisols of tropical China

The oxidation-reduction regimes of some Oxisols of tropical China were investigated on the basis of the Eh values and the amounts of reducing substances, both measured by newly devised methods. The Eh values in the surface layers of soil profiles under natural forest and commercial forest were 400–550 mV, lower by 100–200 mV than the deeper horizons. The concentrations of reducing substances in the surface layers corresponded to 0.5–5.0 · 10^?5M of Mn²⁺. In the cultivated layer of a submerged paddy soil the concentration of reducing substances was as high as 13·10^?5M, with an Eh value of less than 100 mV. There was a negative correlation between the Eh value and the logarithm of the concentration of reducing substances, showing that the intensity aspect and the capacity aspect of the oxidation-reduction status of a soil are closely interrelated.     

桂林柑桔基地土壤中微量元素状况与施用微肥效应

桂林地区是我国重点新兴柑桔基地之一.通过本研究证实桂林柑桔基地分布着大面积的贫锌、含硼、钼低的土壤类型,包括:古洪积物、砂页岩、河积物、石灰岩坡积物发育的土壤,初步估计仅缺锌面积达20万亩.合理施用微量元素肥料(锌、钼、硼),一般使柑桔产量提高20%以上,果实全糖含量均有所提高(4.4-17.2%),柠檬酸略有下降或保持不变.喷施锌肥果皮变薄,可食部分增加.喷施钼肥提高果实内维生素C的含量4.70-8.40mg/100ml果汁,柑桔成熟期提早7-10天,果皮着色鲜艳.土壤有效态Mo,Zn,Co,K,Ca和Mg等元素与柑桔叶片中相应的该元素之间均呈正相关,经统计达到显著或极显著水准.因而通过叶片的分析,可以有效的估量土壤中某些营养元素的丰缺状况,为合理地科学施肥提供依据.     

Relationship of Kernel Moisture Content Gradients and Glass Transition Temperatures to Head Rice Yield

The relationship of glass transition temperature T_g and moisture content (MC) gradient of rice kernels to head rice yield (HRY) variation was investigated. Mathematical models describing heat and moisture transfer inside rice kernels during drying were developed and solved using the finite element method. Moisture distributions inside a kernel were simulated and verified using thin-layer drying experiments, and the intra-kernel MC gradients during drying were accordingly determined and analysed. Results showed that in the glassy region, rice did not incur measurable HRY reduction after drying. However, when rice was dried in the rubbery region and then cooled down immediately without being tempered following drying, HRY decreased markedly after MC gradients exceeded certain levels. It was found in this study that the time when the percentage point of moisture removal reached a maximally allowable level before HRY decreased dramatically coincided with the time at which the curve of kernel MC gradients versus drying duration reached its peak. Such a relation was verified with the HRY data of two varieties (Cypress and M202) as measured in this study and cited from literature. The HRY trends for these two varieties were well explained through the behaviour of glass transition and MC gradients of rice.     

黄土丘陵区不同下垫面降雨产流与蓄水窖工艺技术

在山西洪洞建立了农膜、公路、农田小路、农田下垫面产流场，对不同下垫面的降雨产流量及蓄水窖主要工艺技术体系进行了研究。结果表明：在观测的27次降雨中，在同一坡度、同一降雨量条件下，不同下垫面的产流量存在较大差异。农膜、公路、农田小路和农田下垫面的产流量分别占总降雨量的81.4％、73.6％、41.6％、2.7%。表明前三者均有较好的集水效果，而农田产流效果较差。研究提出的蓄水窖主要工艺技术体系经大面积示范收到了较好的效果。     

种植作物条件下粉砂壤质土壤水盐运移的数值模拟研究

利用大型水盐运动模拟土柱研究了在田间气候作用下作物 (小麦 玉米连茬种植 )生长对土壤水盐运移的影响。研究并建立了土壤水盐运移的数学模型 ,就模型所需的饱和导水率、水力传导度、水分特征曲线、水动力弥散系数进行了室内外测定 ,并对数学模型进行了数值求解。对四个土柱的模拟结果与实测结果进行了数据分析和对比。结果表明 :数值模拟结果和实测数据比较 ,除个别点有一定偏离之外 ,模拟计算结果与实测值拟合效果比较理想 ,说明该模型用于模拟种植作物条件下粉砂壤质土壤的水盐运移是实际可行的。     

流域侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律研究

 侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律,是当今土壤侵蚀研究的前沿,它涉及的研究范围广泛,小到土壤颗粒,大到全球气候变化与碳循环过程。特别是不同尺度流域之间侵蚀产沙和输移,究竟有什么样的内在联系,小流域所获得的研究成果是否能推广应用到大中流域,已成为迫切需要解决的重要科学问题。有关流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究,国际上刚刚开始,国内有关流域尺度研究主要涉及于水文学领域的一些尺度研究,关于流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究不多。作者对国外当前土壤侵蚀模型的最新进展进行了综述,并对侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律进行了分析。由于具有GIS强大的空间数据管理和分析能力,它将在流域侵蚀产沙尺度变异这一侵蚀产沙的问题研究中发挥重要作用。     

Release and activity of allelochemicals from allelopathic rice seedlings

3-Isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1 (1), momilactone B (2), and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone (3) were isolated and identified from an allelopathic rice accession PI312777. These three compounds at low concentrations could inhibit the growth of weeds Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus difformis associated with rice, especially mixtures of the compounds had stronger inhibitory activity than did individual compounds. Studies with hydroponic culture, continuous root exudates trapping system (CRETS), and direct resin adsorption methods showed that a total of 7.6 n moles 1, 2, and 3 were exuded from living roots of each seedling into the environment at 10 days after seedlings were transplanted. Furthermore, 1, 2, and 3 were found in the soil growing PI312777 seedlings at day 15 after seedlings emergence and reached a total of 39.5 microg/g soil at day 30. The results indicated that PI 312777 seedlings could release sufficient quantities of 1, 2, and 3 into the environment to act as allelochemicals inhibiting the growth of associated weeds. Investigations on the distribution of 1, 2, and 3 in PI 312777 plant, and its root exudates showed that the levels of 1, 2, and 3 were significantly higher in the shoots and root exudates than in the roots, and only trace 1 was observed in the roots. The results suggest that the roots of rice seedlings are not major site of synthesis or accumulation 1, 2, and 3, but a pathway for their release into the environment. The levels of 1, 2, and 3 in the root exudates were over 2-folds higher under direct resin adsorption than under hydroponic culture and CRETS, and hence, it is the preferred method to collect and identify active allelochemicals in rice exudates in future studies on rice allelopathy.     

Drying Enhancement of Rough Rice by an Electric Field

Corona discharge produced by a multiple point-to-plate high-voltage electric field (HVEF) was used to investigate the enhancement of rough rice drying and its effect on rice fissuring and germination. The HVEF consisted of a 16 needle point cathode with a direct current power supply, and a grounded stainless steel plate anode. The drying rate of the treated rough rice was notably greater than that of the control, and the drying rate was described by an exponential model. There was a good agreement between the predicted and experimental results (coefficient of determination R²=0·98). The electric field treatment significantly enhanced drying but had no effect on rice fissuring at a lower temperature. The average drying rate of the treated rice increased 2·83, 1·59 and 1·63 times at 25, 40 and 50°C, respectively, compared to the corresponding control. The drying rate also increased with increasing electric field strength. The electric field treatment did not have significant effects on the percentage of kernels having heavy fissures or the germination rate of rough rice (probability P>0·05). The total number of fissured kernels in the treated sample was increased compared to the control.     

Soil volatile fungistasis and volatile fungistatic compounds

Fungistasis is a widespread phenomenon that can be mediated by soil microorganisms and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The relationship between soil microorganisms and VOCs is still unclear, however, and many fungistatic compounds remain to be identified. We assessed the effects of soils (soil direct fungistasis) and VOCs produced by natural soils (soil volatile fungistasis) on the spore germination of several fungi. Both strong soil direct fungistasis and soil volatile fungistasis were observed in a wide range of soils. Soil fungistasis and VOC fungistasis were significantly correlated (P<0.001). The volatile fungistatic activity of soils stopped after autoclaving. Some VOCs were identified by using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrum. VOC composition and in vitro antagonism of relatively pure commercial compounds also were measured. Some VOCs, trimethylamine, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, dimethyl disulfide, methyl pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, benzaldehyde, N,N-dimethyloctylamine and nonadecane, were produced by various fungistatic soils. Moreover, antifungal activity test of above VOCs showed that trimethylamine, benzaldehyde, and N,N-dimethyloctylamine have strong antifungal activity even at low levels (4-12 mg l⁻¹).