茶树遗传育种研究新进展（2013）

本文从茶树遗传资源研究、茶树品种选育研究、育种鉴定和诱变技术研究、分子生物学技术应用研究以及良种良法技术研究等方面综述了2013年中国茶树遗传育种研究的进展;从茶树再生系统构建、茶树育种鉴定技术研究和分子生物学技术应用等方面综述了国外茶树育种研究进展.     

γ-氨基丁酸茶的研究进展

茶的保健功能已被广泛认可,茶叶新产品的开发也日益受到重视.GABA因其具有降血压、抗焦虑、降低胆固醇、增强记忆力和促进血液中乙醇分解等多种功效已引起各界关注.二十多年来,经动物实验和临床实验证实,γ-氨基丁酸茶具有显著的降血压功能,日渐得到了市场的欢迎.本文综述了茶树中GABA的代谢途径、鲜叶中GABA的富集技术以及富集机理,并在此基础上指出γ-氨基丁酸茶开发中仍存在的问题,并对其前景进行了展望.     

间作群体内土壤呼吸和硝化-反硝化作用研究

通过田间试验,采用气压分离过程法(BaPS)测定了2个氮肥处理下,玉米/大豆间作群体的土壤呼吸速率、硝化速率和反硝化速率。结果表明,施氮处理根区根系生物量高于不施氮处理,而非根系生物量差异较小。施氮处理下,根区土壤呼吸速率约为不施氮处理的1.1倍,非根区土壤呼吸差异较小。施氮处理下,玉米和大豆条带土壤硝化速率分别约为不施氮处理的1.71倍和1.82倍。施氮和不施氮处理下,间作条带根区硝化速率均高于非根区。反硝化作用不是试验区玉米/大豆间作系统氮肥损失的主要途径。因此,该区加强水肥管理以控制硝化-反硝化作用,有利于减少间作系统的氮流失和提高氮肥利用效率。     

四次带参Bézier旋转曲面设计

针对传统旋转曲面绘制中存在计算复杂和形状难以调节的问题,提出了一种带形状参数的旋转曲面设计方法。该方法基于超限向量值有理插值函数的基本思想,利用带形状参数的四次Bézier曲线来进行旋转曲面的设计,并得到生成整个旋转曲面的一个显式函数表达式。所生成的旋转曲面不仅计算简单,而且具有灵活的局部形状可调性。最后,对所设计的旋转曲面进行形状与性质分析,并给出了一些旋转曲面的几何造型实例。实例结果表明,所提方法不仅直观、有效,而且易于修改旋转曲面的形状,可以在工程旋转曲面的构造与外形设计中得到应用。     

农业轮式机器人PI鲁棒-滑模控制——基于RBF神经网络

农业轮式机器人机械多体系统朝柔性机器人方向发展,自由度越来越多,对应的结构也变得更加复杂,自动化和智能化水平越来越高,其动力学建模和实时控制难度增大。为提高机器人动力学建模效率,以通用性较强的具有6自由度机械臂的AMR果蔬收获机器人数学模型为研究对象,利用空间算子代数理论建立了轮式机器人O(n)阶效率的运动学和广义动力学模型。同时,利用Elman神经网络求解了机器人逆运动学问题,结合广义动力学模型和逆运动学模型,根据农业轮式机器人的特点,利用神经网络控制理论、PID鲁棒理论和Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了一种6自由度机械臂的RBF-PI鲁棒-滑模控制算法,对机械臂末端进行心形轨迹实时追踪。最后,通过试验仿真,验证了本文提出的逆运动学理论、广义动力学模型和控制方法的合理性,为农业轮式机器人的研究提供了参考数据。     

Distribution of roots and root length density in a maize/soybean strip intercropping system

In a field experiment in the Yellow River Basin conducted in 2007 and 2008, it was found that, under full irrigation, the roots of maize not only penetrated deeper than those of soybean but also extended into soybean stands underneath the space between inner rows of soybean. The roots of soybean, however, were confined mainly to the zone near the plants. Horizontal growth of the roots of both the crops was confined mainly to the soil layer 16-22 cm below the surface, a layer that lay above an existing plough pan. Root length density (RLD) was much higher in the top layer (0-30 cm deep) and in the zone closer to the plants. The exponential model proved suitable to describe the RLD vertically and horizontally in both sole cropping and in intercropping.     

单株白榆期望成熟龄的研究

通过对解析木材料的研究,得出树木生长的拟合经验方程,即以树木生长量为变量、以时间为自变量的函数,通过对函数的求导等数学运算,求出树木生长的成熟龄,得出白榆的期望成熟龄为21a,并提出了应用及研究方向和注意事项.     

Effects of superabsorbent polyacrylamide hydrogel and gypsum applications on colloidal phosphorus release from agricultural soils

Purpose

The present study aimed to assess the synergistic effects of superabsorbent polyacrylamide hydrogel (SPH) and gypsum on colloidal phosphorus (CP) release from different farmlands (i.e. tea, vegetable, and paddy soils).

Materials and methods

A laboratory experiment was carried out to examine the effects of SPH at different rates of 0.00, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1% (w/w) and gypsum at the rates of 0 and 0.005% (w/w) on CP released from different farmland soils. For this purpose, CP, colloidal molybdate–reactive P (MRPc), and colloidal molybdenum–unreactive P (MUPc) were measured in soil solutions.

Results and discussion

The results revealed that the release of CP, MRPc, and MUPc ranged respectively from 5.20 to 56.65, 1.62 to 39.09, and 0.33 to 37.10% of total P (TP) in soil solutions across three farmland soils. Besides, the soils treated with SPH and gypsum (0.1%) mitigated CP release respectively by 51.75%, 62.64%, 24.13%, and 62.74% for tea, vegetable, silt loam paddy, and loam paddy soils. However, the MRPc release dropped respectively by 40.22%, 41.04%, 38.55%, and 63.70% in tea, vegetable, silt loam paddy, and loam paddy soils, and similar trends were observed in MUPc, namely, 43.72%, 49.37%, 35.71%, and 56.17% respectively in tea, vegetable, silt loam paddy, and loam paddy soils. The results indicated that gypsum could make a binding in the carboxyl group of polyacrylamide (PAM)/SPH and anion CP because of decreased CP release.

Conclusions

The major form of P was CP, and co-application of PAM/SPH and gypsum could be a promising management approach to moderate CP release from agricultural soils.