Characterization of Botryosphaeriaceae from plantation‐grown Eucalyptus species in South China

The Botryosphaeriaceae is a species‐rich family that includes pathogens of a wide variety of trees, including Eucalyptus species. Symptoms typical of infection by the Botryosphaeriaceae have recently been observed in Eucalyptus plantations in South China. The aim of this study was to identify the Botryosphaeriaceae associated with these symptoms. Isolates were collected from branch cankers and senescent twigs of different Eucalyptus spp. All isolates resembling Botryosphaeriaceae were separated into groups based on conidial morphology. Initial identifications were made using PCR‐RFLP fingerprinting, by digesting the ITS region of the rDNA operon with the restriction enzymes CfoI and KspI. Furthermore, to distinguish isolates in the Neofusicoccum parvum/N. ribis complex, a locus (BotF15) previously shown to define these species, was amplified and restricted with CfoI. Selected isolates were then identified using comparisons of DNA sequence data for the ITS rDNA and translation elongation factor 1‐alpha (TEF‐1α) gene regions. Based on anamorph morphology and DNA sequence comparisons, five species were identified: Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, N. ribis sensu lato and one undescribed taxon, for which the name Fusicoccum fabicercianum sp. nov. is provided. Isolates of all species gave rise to lesions on the stems of an E. grandis clone in a glasshouse inoculation trial and on the stems of five Eucalyptus genotypes inoculated in the field, where L. pseudotheobromae and L. theobromae were most pathogenic. The five Eucalyptus genotypes differed in their susceptibility to the Botryosphaeriaceae species suggesting that breeding and selection offers opportunity for disease avoidance in the future.     

日本《外来入侵物种法》及对我国外来物种管理立法和科研的启示

日本政府于2004年6月颁布了《外来入侵物种法》,10月环境省制定的《预防外来入侵生物对生态系统造成不利影响的基本政策》通过内阁决议,该法案于2005年6月1日起生效。本文简要介绍了日本外来生物管理有关策略和基本政策,并针对我国现状提出了外来物种管理立法及科研方面的建议:(1)成立国家级外来物种管理委员会及外来物种专家委员会,统筹外来物种管理工作;(2)对现有法律法规体系进行系统评估,加强外来物种管理立法;(3)加强对外来物种的科学研究,特别是加强外来入侵物种环境风险评估系统建设;(4)进一步加强建立国家级、一站式的外来物种数据库和外来物种数据交换所,促进信息交流。     

二斑叶螨对阿维菌素的抗药性及抗性基因的PASA检测技术

为了明确二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch对阿维菌素的抗性水平,采用玻片浸渍法测定了北京4个地区二斑叶螨雌成螨对阿维菌素的抗药性,建立了特异性等位基因PCR（PASA）方法,并检测了二斑叶螨谷氨酸门控氯离子通道（GluCl）基因片段上G323D的突变频率。结果显示,北京昌平、海淀、密云和怀柔4个田间二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素均达极高抗性水平,其中昌平种群抗性最高,LC₅₀值为448.93 mg/L,抗性倍数为4 988.11倍。室内敏感种群未见抗性个体,昌平和密云种群G323D等位基因突变频率为100.00%,怀柔和海淀种群分别为86.25%和90.00%。北京4个地区二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素达极高抗性水平,抗性基因的突变频率也很高,表明阿维菌素不适宜用来防治这些地区的二斑叶螨种群。     

Human-carnivore conflict in China: a review of current approaches with recommendations for improved management

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a conservation concern that increasingly threatens the continued existence of some of the world's most endangered species. With an increase in human population, urban sprawl and subsequent encroachment on wild land, human and wildlife interaction has become inevitable. In the majority of cases, this interaction results in a negative outcome for humans, wildlife or both. In China, these key elements, along with a decrease in wild prey species, have resulted in the expansion of HWC encounters, and the need for alleviating this conflict has become a conservation priority. Loss of human life, livestock and/or crops is most often the catalysts that fuel HWC. Techniques to alleviate conflict around the world have included preventative measures and mitigation techniques, such as financial compensation and other incentive programs. Both types of measures have had variable success. We review the current status of human-carnivore conflict management in China, and, drawing lessons from around the globe, we make recommendations for improving conservation management in China. For example, an increase in law enforcement in nature reserves is vital to reducing human disturbance in prime carnivore habitat, thereby reducing conflict encounters. Also, modifications to current wildlife compensation programs, so that they are linked with preventative measures, will ensure that moral hazards are avoided. Furthermore, investigating the potential for a community self-financed insurance scheme to fund compensation and increasing efforts to restore wild prey populations will improve the outcome for wildlife conservation. Ultimately, HWC management in China will greatly benefit from an integrative approach.     

禽流感(H9亚型)油乳剂灭活疫苗的血凝抑制(HI)抗体动态变化的研究

从市场上随机购得不同厂家各两批次的商品化禽流感(H9)油乳剂灭活疫苗，按瓶签说明免疫禽流感母源抗体为阴性的蛋鸡。当疫苗抗体下降至5log2左右时部分鸡再二免，并做田间试验。结果表明，免疫1周出现血清抗体，并逐日上升，3周达高峰。首次免疫8周后抗体下降至5log2左右，二次免疫15周后抗体下降至5log2左右。这四批疫苗的免疫原性较高，安全可靠，两次免疫保护期可保护至开产后。     

大中型沼气工程不同加热方式的经济效益分析

为解决大中型沼气工程的加热升温问题,该文以一个猪场废水处理沼气工程为例,对沼气锅炉、太阳能和沼气发电余热利用3种加热方式进行了经济效益分析。结果表明：沼气锅炉加热、太阳能加热和沼气发电余热利用加热3种方式的投资比为2︰11.2︰1,沼气发电余热利用加热方式的费用年值仅为沼气锅炉加热和太阳能加热方式的60%和12%;沼气发电余热利用加热方式无论从经济效益、技术性能,还是适应性、运行持久性等方面都明显优于太阳能加热和沼气锅炉加热。因此,基于中国的自然经济状况,大部分大中型沼气工程应优先选择沼气发电余热利用加热方式。     

基于多生育期光谱变量的水稻直链淀粉含量监测

直链淀粉含量是评价稻米品质的重要指标之一,其累积生长过程是多生育期、多因素综合作用的结果。为了探究多生育期信息引入对水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量监测模型的影响,实现水稻品质信息的大规模准确监测。该研究选取水稻孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期这4个有关水稻籽粒形成发育的生育期的冠层光谱,分析原光谱、植被指数、高光谱特征参数,及其变换形式与水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量的相关性,筛选得到相关性较好的光谱变量,并利用逐步回归的方法进行建模,建立基于多生育期光谱变量的直链淀粉含量预测模型。结果表明：一阶导数、差值植被指数（Difference Vegetation Index, DVI）、比值植被指数（Ratio Vegetation Index, RVI）及成熟期特征参数表现出较高敏感性,最适用于直链淀粉含量预测的生育期为成熟期,而多生育期信息的综合利用能显著提高模型预测精度,最佳多生育期预测模型为孕穗-抽穗-成熟期组合模型,建模决定系数（Coefficient of Determination, R2）为0.708,均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error, RMSE）为0.711%,平均绝对百分比误差（Mean Absolute Percent Error, MAPE）为3.22%,验证R2为0.631,RMSE为0.768%,MAPE为3.99%,证明该模型能较为精确地预测籽粒直链淀粉含量,为稻米品质指标大尺度统计监测提供一定的技术支撑和应用基础。     

蔬菜移栽机斜插夹钵式取投苗装置研制

针对目前中国蔬菜穴盘苗全自动移栽作业,取投苗装置复杂、易失败等问题,该文设计了一种斜插夹钵式取投苗装置。通过对取投苗装置原理的分析,运用投影法对装置进行设计,确定了装置各结构参数。为保证装置具有良好的取投苗效果,对苗盘倾斜角度及苗夹入穴参数进行了设计,同时分析其运动过程,对比仿真轨迹曲线和试验实际轨迹曲线,验证了方案的可行性。综合考虑影响取投苗效果的因素,以取投苗成功率作为取投苗效果评价指标,选取弹簧刚度系数、主动杆转速、苗盘倾斜角度为试验因素,进行正交试验。试验结果表明:在给定因素水平下,当弹簧刚度系数为500 N/m,主动杆转速为12 r/min,苗盘倾斜角度为45°时,取投苗效果最佳,此时基质破碎率为3.13%,钵苗脱落率为2.43%,取投苗成功率为94.44%,装置的可靠性较高。研究结果可为全自动化移栽研究提供参考。     

玉米秸秆炭和典型农业废弃物混合成型与燃烧特性试验

以玉米秸秆炭和玉米秸秆、苹果枝、沼渣、菌渣为原料,在成型压力为6 MPa的条件下,研究了不同混配比例混合燃料的成型特性,并在此基础上探讨了特定混配比例下的混合样品燃烧特性。研究结果表明:农业废弃物质量分数、种类对混合成型燃料稳定性均有影响,农业废弃物占70%比例时混合成型燃料的抗跌碎强度均大于99.50%;玉米秸秆对成型燃料的稳定性影响最为明显,其质量分数大于30%时,成型燃料抗跌碎强度达到99.68%以上,而沼渣和菌渣质量分数大于50%时,其成型燃料的抗跌碎强度分别超过99.11%和99.71%;苹果枝质量分数大于60%,其成型燃料抗跌碎强度超过99.34%;4种成型燃料的能量密度与原料相比分别提高14.93、11.36、11.74、14.53 GJ/m³;堆积密度分别提高792.99、596.92、605.63、820.12 kg/m³。该研究为农业废弃物新型成型燃料的开发提供了基础支撑。     

不同激励下宽频磁浮俘能器俘能试验

振动能量俘获是获取可再生清洁能源的一种有效途径,具有广阔的应用前景,有利于社会的可持续性发展。目前,随机功率谱激励下的高功率密度和宽频能量回收仍然是研究的难点。该研究设计了一种可有效利用宽频振动能量的高功率密度磁浮式俘能器,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件计算悬浮磁体非线性回复力与位移的关系式,根据磁浮振动系统的控制方程和基尔霍夫定律建立俘能器的数学模型,详细研究了模型参数变化对俘能器性能的影响。随后进行正弦扫频和驻频试验以验证俘能器的发电能力。同时,从俘能器的效率、效能和体积优值3个指标对俘能性能进行评价;并结合实际应用,设计俘能器稳压电路。根据丘陵山区农业机械工作的随机路谱特性,建立随机激励的数学模型,根据响应幅值的概率密度函数的FPK方程表达式,得到了平稳概率密度函数的解。结果表明:在激励频率从9.77到31.75 Hz变化时,俘能器最大输出电压在5.92和21.52 V之间;最大输出功率在10 Hz时达81.93 mW,从5到50Hz,输出功率范围为5.76到81.93 mW;俘能器的效率、效能和体积优值分别为2.85%、9.85%和39.74%;俘能器电压输出的...