超声波引发合成阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其表征

在超声波和VA-044引发体系下,丙烯酰胺（AM）单体和丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DAC）阳离子单体通过共聚合成阳离子聚丙烯酰胺P（AM-DAC）,该方法具有反应时间短、合成效率高等优点。研究了合成过程中的关键因素对P（AM-DAC）特性粘度的影响规律,并对其合成条件进行优化。实验结果表明： 当AM∶DAC=3∶2、引发剂浓度为0.02%、超声20 min、反应体系pH值为4时,合成的P（AM-DAC）特性粘度最大。红外光谱表征结果表明,P（AM-DAC）是AM与DAC的共聚物,具有-NH₂、C=O、-CH₂-N⁺和-OH等活性基团。P（AM-DAC）在30~200 ℃范围内具有良好稳定性。     

“森林资源诅咒”的存在性、传导机制及破解对策:综述与展望

文中研究森林资源丰裕度与经济增长的关系,从森林资源诅咒的存在性检验、传导机制和破解对策3个方面对国内外相关文献进行了梳理总结。结果表明:森林资源诅咒研究已经取得了一定成果,但是现有文献对森林资源诅咒现象的实证研究结果不稳定,会因研究对象、时间、样本以及模型和指标选取的不同而变化;现有研究对森林资源诅咒的传导机制缺乏实证检验,在指标选择和模型构建中尚存在许多不足之处。未来研究需要考虑指标筛选的科学性、计量模型的稳健性以及中介和调节效应的引入等;此外,森林资源丰裕度与经济增长之间的关系可能不是线性关系,因此在建立计量模型时应对模型形式进行优化选择。     

筒状固定床花生通风干燥性能指标模拟与分析

为了解筒状固定床花生干燥机理、作业性能,确定合理的结构和通风参数,根据干燥过程花生荚果和介质空气间的热质传递关系,以PDE模型为理论基础,建立了适用于筒状固定床花生通风干燥计算机模拟的离散模型,该模型可计算花生干燥实时状态及批次干燥耗时、不均匀度、生产率、单位质量能耗等干燥指标。经试验验证,模型模拟结果与试验结果基本相符,料层花生平均含水率和温度模拟值和试验值的相关系数r>0.975,模型模拟可用于筒状床花生干燥过程分析。在此基础上,分析了单位面积通风量、筒状固定床外径、内径变化对上述指标的影响。结果表明:受介质空气温度降低和相对湿度增加影响,内层物料干燥起始时间和干燥速率存在一定的滞后性,但单位面积通风量沿通风方向逐渐增大的特性对内层物料的干燥滞后有较好改善;随着单位面积通风量增加,干燥不均匀度明显降低,生产率亦有显著提高,但单位质量能耗增幅较大;筒状床外径增加或内径减小都可增加生产率,降低单位质量干燥能耗,但干燥不均匀问题很难解决。为进一步确定最优的结构和通风参数,采用均匀设计模拟试验和综合加权评分法,得出筒状固定床外径2.75 m,内径0.935 m,外进风面单位面积通风量0.36 m^3/(m^2·s)时干燥效果最优,此时干燥时耗39.2 h、生产率86.55 kg/h、单位质量能耗5.87×10~6 J/kg、干燥不均匀度1.54%。该研究可为筒状固定床干燥设备设计优化提供技术支撑。     

Assessment of soil aggregation properties after conversion from rice to greenhouse organic cultivation on SOC controlling mechanism

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Organic manure is beneficial for macro-aggregate formation and soil organic carbon (SOC), but how SOC change in aggregate fractions in time-series is still...     

Remediation of saline-sodic soil using organic and inorganic amendments: physical,chemical, and enzyme activity properties

Purpose

Crops grow poorly in saline-sodic soils, and the productivity of these soils can be dramatically improved with proper amendments. Current research mainly focuses on either organic or inorganic soil amendments, whereas few studies address options of combining organic and inorganic amendments. The objective of this study was to develop new organic and inorganic soil amendments which can lower the soil pH, replace sodium, and improve soil structure.

Materials and methods

Polyhalite (PL), microporous potassium-silicon-calcium mineral fertilizer (MF), furfural residue (FR), and fulvic acid (FA) were mixed with four different ratios to produce organic and inorganic soil amendments: PLFR, PLFA, MFFR, and MFFA. And their optimum mixing ratios were determined by comparing the potassium, calcium concentrations, and pH of filtrate after dissolution. Then, a leaching experiment was conducted by packing mixtures (mass ratio of soil to amendment = 219:1, equivalent to 13 t/hm²) of the saline-sodic soil with each one of these amendments plus two contrasts, gypsum (GP), and no amendment (CK). And the remediation effect was compared by pH, EC, ESP, texture, organic recombination degree of clay, saturated hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregates fraction, and enzyme (urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase) activities of soil.

Results and discussion

After four times leaching experiment, soil treated with PLFR had lower pH and 25.86% lower exchangeable sodium than untreated soils. The water-stable small macroaggregate fractions and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the MFFR-treated soils were significantly increased by 133% and 31%, respectively. Also, the total soil and heavy fraction organic carbons of the soils treated with MFFR in addition to its alkaline phosphatase activity were all significantly higher than the other treatments.

Conclusions

The results revealed that MFFR has more potential as a soil amendment to improve soil structure and quality and thus help in the development and use of saline-sodic lands for agriculture.

     

1966-2017年贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征

[目的] 分析贵州省1966—2017年降雨侵蚀力R值的时空演变规律,为评估该地区降雨对土壤侵蚀的防治、制定水土保持措施及农业生产规划提供参考。[方法] 基于贵州省33个气象站点1966—2017年的日降雨资料,利用克里金插值法、经验正交函数（EOF）方法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析法等,对贵州省52 a的降雨侵蚀力R值的时空特征进行了分析。[结果] ①EOF分析方法可以较好地解释降水侵蚀力的时空分布特征,其前两个特征向量累计贡献率达52%,揭示了贵州省降雨侵蚀力全局型和东西反向型两种典型的分布模态。分析特征向量所对应的时间系数可得,贵州省的降水侵蚀力主要表现为全省全年偏大、全省全年偏小、东大西小、东小西大4种类型;②贵州省降雨侵蚀力R值年内主要受汛期降雨影响,全省各县市汛期降雨侵蚀力R值均占全年总量的60%以上;③在年际变化上,降雨侵蚀力R值存在多突变的现象,1971—1981年突变频率最为频繁。通过周期检验发现其变化主周期为28 a,次周期分别为12 a和6 a。[结论] 贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布与降雨量的时空分布趋势近似,整体呈现南部大北部小,夏季大冬季小的趋势,在未来几年内降雨侵蚀力R值有上升的趋势。     

冲击式速冻设备上下送风速度对虾仁冻结过程的影响

随着人们对速冻食品品质的要求不断提高,商家对食品速冻技术的要求也在不断提高,冲击式速冻技术作为目前先进的速冻技术之一成为研究热点。但由于其高速射流冲击导致的内部换热区流场的不均匀会造成设备换热效率差,能效比低等问题。为找到使得设备换热区流场最优的送风速度,该文以明虾虾仁为研究对象,利用数值模拟结合试验验证的方法研究了冲击式速冻设备中上下送风速度对虾仁冻结过程的影响,分为上下两侧风速保持一致且同时改变;上侧送风速度为15 m/s、下侧为0~15 m/s;以及下侧送风速度为15 m/s、上侧为0~15 m/s 3个试验组进行研究。研究结果为:当冲击式速冻设备两侧送风速度保持一致时,随着风速的增大,虾仁冻结时长缩短但减小幅度也会不断减小;当上下两侧送风速度大小相差悬殊时,两股冲击射流相对冲击会在低速侧形成促进虾仁表面流场流动的涡流,提高换热效率,减小虾仁冻结时长;当上下两侧送风速度大小相差不大时,两股冲击射流相对冲击会在虾仁表面形成流速较低的射流"真空区",降低虾仁换热效率,增大虾仁冻结时长;在试验的两侧送风速度范围内,当上侧送风速度为15 m/s,下侧送风速度为2 m/s时,虾仁对流换热强度最大,冻结时长最短。     

Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs

Heat stress(HS)can be detrimental to the gut health of swine.Many negative outcomes induced by HS are increasingly recognized as including modulation of intestinal microbiota.In turn,the intestinal microbiota is a unique ecosystem playing a critical role in mediating the host stress response.Therefore,we aimed to characterize gut microbiota of pigs’exposure to short-term HS,to explore a possible link between the intestinal microbiota and HS-related changes,including serum cytokines,oxidation status,and intestinal epithelial barrier function.Our findings showed that HS led to intestinal morphological and integrity changes(villus height,serum diamine oxidase[DAO],serum D-lactate and the relative expressions of tight junction proteins),reduction of serum cytokines(interleukin[IL]-8,IL-12,interferongamma[IFN-g]),and antioxidant activity(higher glutathione[GSH]and malondialdehyde[MDA]content,and lower superoxide dismutase[SOD]).Also,16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that although there was no difference in microbial a-diversity,some HS-associated composition differences were revealed in the ileum and cecum,which partly led to an imbalance in the production of short-chain fatty acids including propionate acid and valerate acid.Relevance networks revealed that HS-derived changes in bacterial genera and microbial metabolites,such as Chlamydia,Lactobacillus,Succinivibrio,Bifidobacterium,Lachnoclostridium,and propionic acid,were correlated with oxidative stress,intestinal barrier dysfunction,and inflammation in pigs.Collectively,our observations suggest that intestinal damage induced by HS is probably partly related to the gut microbiota dysbiosis,though the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated.     

狂犬病病毒SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

狂犬病病毒为不分节段单链负股的RNA病毒,属弹状病毒科狂犬病病毒属。世界上几乎所有国家都有狂犬病发生,狂犬病病毒能够使所有温血动物发病致死,死亡率高达100%。本研究根据GenBank中的狂犬病病毒M基因序列,选择保守区域设计引物,通过对SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR反应条件进行优化,建立了用于检测狂犬病病毒的SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR方法。结果显示,建立的狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR方法,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好的优点,是开展狂犬病的临床检测的有力工具。     

不同品种杂交棉的光合特性及产量比较

在大田栽培条件下,研究了杂交棉豫杂35、中棉29、标杂A2、标杂A1、经杂2号的主茎叶的光合特性及其产量和纤维品质,结果表明:豫杂35由于其叶片功能期Pn较高,且衰老慢,其叶片的Pn、Fv/Fm和ФPSⅡ日变化幅度又较小,对强光利用能力强,全天光合速率较高,从而获得显著高的最高产量;中棉29、标杂A2、和经杂2号获得较标杂A1显著高的产量;标杂A1由于叶片早衰且叶片光合性能相对较差,而产量最低,纤维品质较差。